Introduction Flashcards
what is psychology?
the science of behavior and mental process
psychology is an _______ science
empirical
psychology is an _______ field
interdisciplinary
some call the “father of psychology”
Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt was a _______
psychologist
wrote books about psychology
William James
was a philosopher who wrote books about psychology
William James
preformed with the dog salvation experiment
Ivan Pavlov
a physiologist who preformed the dog salvation experiment
Ivan Pavlov
a biologist
Jean Piaget
possibly the most famous person within psychology
Sigmund Frued
the three parts of the bio-psycho-social approach include:
biology, psychological, and social cultural
(BPS)- focus on the behaviors of an individual
psychological
(BPS)- looking at the specific behavior’s of people within a group ~ differences in the way people behave
social cultural
(mental processes)- focusing on the physical body; brain, hormones, nervous system
neuroscience
(mental processes)- Darwin’s theory to explain human behavior
evolutionary
(mental processes)- genes for different things; although just because one processes a gene for something doesn’t mean you’ll inherit the problem
behavior genetics
(mental processes)- someone’s behavior
behavioral
(mental processes)- human info processes
cognitive
(mental processes)- how countries are similar or different
social-cultural
(mental processes)- unconscious motives; see if something unconscious is at play
psychodynamic (early experiences)
example of neuroscience and why
depression; different brain chemistry
is psychology all common sense?
NO
the “I knew all along” phenomenon
hindsight bias
(the man-who); didn’t work for them, won’t work for me
availability heuristic
more confidence than reality
overconfidence bias
random things actually mean something
backwards masking
occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs, motivated by wishful thinking
confirmation bias
(SE: 1)- can be proven false easily
falsifiability
(SE: 2)- seems to be logical
logic
(SE: 3)- take in all events
comprehensiveness
(SE: 4)- minimize bias
honesty
(SE: 5)- replicate studies, important
replicability
(SE: 6)- adequate number of results
sufficiency
scientific method steps:
- construct a theory
- generate a hypothesis from the theory
- operational definition of measures - what our data is
- test hypotheses through collecting observations data - see what we have
- refine the theory
- replicability is important—same results
hypothesis definition:
testable predictions
the three research strategies for conducting studies:
description, correlation, experimentation
(1/3) techniques- the observed behavior is described in some way
descriptive techniques
descriptive technique- when you study one person in great depth over an extensive period of time
case study
descriptive technique- record behavior of an organism in their natural habitat
naturalistic observation
descriptive technique- putting out a survey or questionnaire
survey method
- watch out for bad surveys
- watch out for “wording effects”
example of a:
1) case study
2) naturalistic observation
3) survey method
1) Anna O (Sigmund Freud)
2) dolphins; people in Walmart
3) survey- Kelloggs vs oatmeal
(2/3) techniques- the co-occurance of two traits together
correlation technique
the statistical measure of the relationship between two things
correlation
correlations are demoted by ___ to ___
-1.0 to +1.0
the closer to 0 a correlation means ___ of a correlation
less of a correlation
(1/2 correlation)- when one thing increases, so does the other
positive correlation = +1.0
(2/2 correlation)- as one thing goes up, the other goes down
negative correlation= -1.0
_____ correlation- a perceived relationship between two things doesn’t really exist
illusory correlation
_____ does not cause _____
association; causation
(3/3) techniques- controlled laboratory experiments
experimentation technique
which example of experiment?
- manipulating the factors of interest
- controlling other (extraneous) factors
experimentation technique
what are the (5) parts of a typical experiment?
- independent variable
- dependent variable
- experimental condition
- control condition
- random assignment of participants to condition
what the experiment manipulates
independent variable
the measure of behavior
dependent variable
two factors that must be monitored in experiments
- demand characteristics
2. experimenter’s expectations
characteristics- the subjects want to look good to the experimenters
demand
three examples of demand characteristics
- Martin Orne’s work (class experiment test)
- Milgram studies on obedience (voltage shocks)
- Clever Hans (smart horse)
both the subjects and the experimenter do not know what condition the subject is in
double-blind procedure
an effect produced simply by the person’s belief that something will have a desired effect
placebo effect
the idea of “if you think something will happen, it will happen”
self-fulfilling prophecy
ethics of experimentation- how does this relate to animals and/or people
is it ethical to experiment on animals and/or people
ethics of experimentation- explain the Nuremberg trials
adopted for medical research
experimentation on people- when was the APA adopted for people?
1952
yearly animal statistics- how many vertebrates and how many invertabrates
25 million vertebrates, 75 million invertebrates
yearly animal statistics- many animals are killed a year for food?
10 billion
some believe our compassion for animals depends on their perceived _____ to us
similarity
research ethic procedures set for human experimentation
Nuremberg code
what was the procedure before Nuremberg code
Nazis were being put through human experimentation for medical research
