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Psychology - Exam 1 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychology?

A

the science of behavior and mental process

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2
Q

psychology is an _______ science

A

empirical

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3
Q

psychology is an _______ field

A

interdisciplinary

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4
Q

some call the “father of psychology”

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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5
Q

Wilhelm Wundt was a _______

A

psychologist

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6
Q

wrote books about psychology

A

William James

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7
Q

was a philosopher who wrote books about psychology

A

William James

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8
Q

preformed with the dog salvation experiment

A

Ivan Pavlov

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9
Q

a physiologist who preformed the dog salvation experiment

A

Ivan Pavlov

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10
Q

a biologist

A

Jean Piaget

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11
Q

possibly the most famous person within psychology

A

Sigmund Frued

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12
Q

the three parts of the bio-psycho-social approach include:

A

biology, psychological, and social cultural

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13
Q

(BPS)- focus on the behaviors of an individual

A

psychological

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14
Q

(BPS)- looking at the specific behavior’s of people within a group ~ differences in the way people behave

A

social cultural

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15
Q

(mental processes)- focusing on the physical body; brain, hormones, nervous system

A

neuroscience

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16
Q

(mental processes)- Darwin’s theory to explain human behavior

A

evolutionary

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17
Q

(mental processes)- genes for different things; although just because one processes a gene for something doesn’t mean you’ll inherit the problem

A

behavior genetics

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18
Q

(mental processes)- someone’s behavior

A

behavioral

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19
Q

(mental processes)- human info processes

A

cognitive

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20
Q

(mental processes)- how countries are similar or different

A

social-cultural

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21
Q

(mental processes)- unconscious motives; see if something unconscious is at play

A

psychodynamic (early experiences)

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22
Q

example of neuroscience and why

A

depression; different brain chemistry

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23
Q

is psychology all common sense?

A

NO

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24
Q

the “I knew all along” phenomenon

A

hindsight bias

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25
Q

(the man-who); didn’t work for them, won’t work for me

A

availability heuristic

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26
Q

more confidence than reality

A

overconfidence bias

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27
Q

random things actually mean something

A

backwards masking

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28
Q

occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs, motivated by wishful thinking

A

confirmation bias

29
Q

(SE: 1)- can be proven false easily

A

falsifiability

30
Q

(SE: 2)- seems to be logical

A

logic

31
Q

(SE: 3)- take in all events

A

comprehensiveness

32
Q

(SE: 4)- minimize bias

A

honesty

33
Q

(SE: 5)- replicate studies, important

A

replicability

34
Q

(SE: 6)- adequate number of results

A

sufficiency

35
Q

scientific method steps:

A
  1. construct a theory
  2. generate a hypothesis from the theory
  3. operational definition of measures - what our data is
  4. test hypotheses through collecting observations data - see what we have
  5. refine the theory
  6. replicability is important—same results
36
Q

hypothesis definition:

A

testable predictions

37
Q

the three research strategies for conducting studies:

A

description, correlation, experimentation

38
Q

(1/3) techniques- the observed behavior is described in some way

A

descriptive techniques

39
Q

descriptive technique- when you study one person in great depth over an extensive period of time

A

case study

40
Q

descriptive technique- record behavior of an organism in their natural habitat

A

naturalistic observation

41
Q

descriptive technique- putting out a survey or questionnaire

A

survey method

  • watch out for bad surveys
  • watch out for “wording effects”
42
Q

example of a:

1) case study
2) naturalistic observation
3) survey method

A

1) Anna O (Sigmund Freud)
2) dolphins; people in Walmart
3) survey- Kelloggs vs oatmeal

43
Q

(2/3) techniques- the co-occurance of two traits together

A

correlation technique

44
Q

the statistical measure of the relationship between two things

A

correlation

45
Q

correlations are demoted by ___ to ___

A

-1.0 to +1.0

46
Q

the closer to 0 a correlation means ___ of a correlation

A

less of a correlation

47
Q

(1/2 correlation)- when one thing increases, so does the other

A

positive correlation = +1.0

48
Q

(2/2 correlation)- as one thing goes up, the other goes down

A

negative correlation= -1.0

49
Q

_____ correlation- a perceived relationship between two things doesn’t really exist

A

illusory correlation

50
Q

_____ does not cause _____

A

association; causation

51
Q

(3/3) techniques- controlled laboratory experiments

A

experimentation technique

52
Q

which example of experiment?

  • manipulating the factors of interest
  • controlling other (extraneous) factors
A

experimentation technique

53
Q

what are the (5) parts of a typical experiment?

A
  1. independent variable
  2. dependent variable
  3. experimental condition
  4. control condition
  5. random assignment of participants to condition
54
Q

what the experiment manipulates

A

independent variable

55
Q

the measure of behavior

A

dependent variable

56
Q

two factors that must be monitored in experiments

A
  1. demand characteristics

2. experimenter’s expectations

57
Q

characteristics- the subjects want to look good to the experimenters

A

demand

58
Q

three examples of demand characteristics

A
  1. Martin Orne’s work (class experiment test)
  2. Milgram studies on obedience (voltage shocks)
  3. Clever Hans (smart horse)
59
Q

both the subjects and the experimenter do not know what condition the subject is in

A

double-blind procedure

60
Q

an effect produced simply by the person’s belief that something will have a desired effect

A

placebo effect

61
Q

the idea of “if you think something will happen, it will happen”

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

62
Q

ethics of experimentation- how does this relate to animals and/or people

A

is it ethical to experiment on animals and/or people

63
Q

ethics of experimentation- explain the Nuremberg trials

A

adopted for medical research

64
Q

experimentation on people- when was the APA adopted for people?

A

1952

65
Q

yearly animal statistics- how many vertebrates and how many invertabrates

A

25 million vertebrates, 75 million invertebrates

66
Q

yearly animal statistics- many animals are killed a year for food?

A

10 billion

67
Q

some believe our compassion for animals depends on their perceived _____ to us

A

similarity

68
Q

research ethic procedures set for human experimentation

A

Nuremberg code

69
Q

what was the procedure before Nuremberg code

A

Nazis were being put through human experimentation for medical research

Psychology - Exam 1 (2 decks)

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