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Year 1 LCRS > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Vestibular nystagmus:

A. Is a disorder of the cochlea
B. Is also known as oscillopsia
C. Results in slow phase eye movement toward from the side of the lesion
D. Is caused by damage to the sixth cranial nerve
E. Results in saccades toward the side of the lesion

A

C. Results in slow phase eye movement toward from the side of the lesion

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2
Q

Multiple sclerosis is associated with all of the following except:

A. Multiple high signal intensity areas on MRI
B. Oligoclonal bands
C. Anti AQP4 antibodies
D. Low serum levels of vitamin D
E. Higher prevalence in females than males

A

C. Anti AQP4 antibodies

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3
Q

NMDA receptors:

A. Are blocked by magnesium in voltage dependent manner
B. Have a “dimer of dimers” receptor structure
C. Are selective for GABA
D. Are G-protein coupled
E. Are impermeable to calcium

A

A. Are blocked by magnesium

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4
Q

Which of these is a cranial nerve arising from the posterior aspect of brainstem?

A. Abducens
B. Vestibulocochlear
C. Olfactory
D. Trochlear
E. Glossopharyngeal
A

D. Trochlear

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5
Q

Regarding reflexes, which of the following is false?

A. The H-reflex is the electrical equivalent of a monosynaptic reflex
B. The gamma reflex loop involves intrafusal fibres
C. Reflexes cannot be altered by higher centres
D. The crossed extensor reflex is an example of a polysnaptic reflex
E. Reflexes are an inborn response to a stimulus

A

C. Reflexes cannot be altered by higher centres

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6
Q

Motor planning of internally driven voluntary movements is mediated by:

A. Pre-motor cortex
B. Supplementary motor cortex
C. Brodmann area 4
D. Basal ganglia
E. Cerebellum
A

B. Supplementary motor cortex

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7
Q

Regarding stroke:

A. Around 80% are haemorrhagic
B. It is defined by slowly developing focal disturbance of brain function of presumed vascular origin lasting longer than 24 hours
C. It is a rare cause of adult disability
D. Judgement may be impaired in a stroke of the anterior cerebral artery
E. Visual agnosia is most commonly associated with a stroke of the posterior cerebellar artery

A

D. Judgement may be impaired in a stroke of the anterior cerebral artery

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8
Q

Sensory information about pain and temperature:

A. Is conveyed in the spinothalamic tract
B. Decussates at the level of the medulla
C. Shares the same pathway to the brain as sensory information about vibration
D. Is carried in A α fibres
E. Does not reach the level of consciousness

A

A. Is conveyed in the spinothalamic tract

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9
Q

Regarding absence seizures:

A. EEG is normal during an absence seizure
B. They are associated with excessive synchronised discharge of neurons in the prefrontal cortex
C. They only develop following traumatic brain injury
D. They are a type of generalised seizure
E. EEG of affected individuals display characteristic abnormalities even when they are not having a seizure.

A

D. They are a type of generalised seizure

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10
Q

Which syndrome resulting from stroke is associated with neglect?

A. Left total anterior cerebral syndrome
B. Right total anterior cerebral syndrome
C. Thalamo-capsular lacunar syndrome
D. Internal capsular lacunar syndrome
E. Lateral medullary syndrome
A

B. Right total anterior cerebral syndrome

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11
Q

The action of the 5-HT3 receptor is:

A. Influx of Na+
B. Influx of Ca+
C. Efflux of Ca+
D. Influx of K+
E. Efflux of K+
A

E. Efflux of K+

The 5-HT3 receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel (LGICs) and therefore differs structurally and functionally from all other 5-HT receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine, or serotonin) receptors, which are GPCRs.

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12
Q

Deviation of the tongue to the left suggests a lesion of which cranial nerve?

A. Left facial nerve
B. Right facial nerve
C. Left glossopharyngeal nerve
D. Left hypoglossal nerve
E. Right hypoglossal nerve
A

D. Left hypoglossal nerve

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13
Q

The lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia comprises the external globus pallidus and which other structure?

A. Caudate nucleus
B. Substantia nigra
C. Putamen
D. Thalamus
E. Internal capsule
A

C. Putamen

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14
Q

Which receptor, when activated, results in a decrease in intracellular cAMP?

A. AMPA receptor
B. NMDA receptor
C. mGlu receptor
D. D1 receptor
E. D2 receptor
A

E. D2 receptor

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15
Q

From the list of options above, select the SINGLE most likely anatomical structure/feature that has each of the following characteristics. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

  1. Function linked to speech production
  2. The intersection point of the coronal and sagittal sutures on the skull of an adult
  3. Located in the inferior frontal gyrus
  4. Involved in the formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events
  5. The most ventral part of the diencephalon
A. Bregma
B. Anterior fontanelle
C. Posterior fontanelle
D. Amygdala
E. Hypothalamus
F. Diencephalon
G. Wernicke's area
H. Thalamus
I. Basal ganglia
J. Broca's area
A
  1. Function linked to speech production –> J. Broca’s area
  2. The intersection point of the coronal and sagittal sutures on the skull of an adult –> A. Bregma
  3. Located in the inferior frontal gyrus –> J. Broca’s area
  4. Involved in the formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events –> D. Amygdala
  5. The most ventral part of the diencephalon –> E. Hypothalamus
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16
Q

From the list of options above, select the SINGLE most likely condition that has each of the following characteristics. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

  1. Bleeding that is usually caused by tears in arteries
  2. Bell’s palsy
  3. Autoimmune, upper motor neuron lesion syndrome
  4. The most common cause of tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity and postural instability
  5. Associated with muscle wasting and fasciculations
A. Alzheimer's disease
B. Parkinson's disease
C. Parkinsonism
D. Hungtington's disease
E. Extradural haemorrhage
F. Upper motor neuron lesion
G. Lower motor neuron lesion
H. Subdural haematoma
I. Subarachnoid haematoma
J. Multiple sclerosis
A
  1. Bleeding that is usually caused by tears in arteries –> E. Extradural haemorrhage (also known as epidural haemorrhage; usually arterial bleeding, while subdural bleeding is usually venous and slower)
  2. Bell’s palsy –> G. Lower motor neuron lesion (Bell’s palsy = form of facial paralysis resulting from a dysfunction (inflammation) of the cranial nerve VII that results in the inability to control facial muscles on the affected side)
  3. Autoimmune, upper motor neuron lesion syndrome –> J. Multiple sclerosis
  4. The most common cause of tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity and postural instability –> B. Parkinson’s disease (PD = most common cause of Parkinsonism; neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity and postural instability)
  5. Associated with muscle wasting and fasciculations –> G. Lower motor neuron lesion (Lower motor neuron lesion is associated with flaccid paralysis, muscle wasting, fasciculations, hyporeflexia or areflexia)
17
Q

What type of sensation is felt when free nerve endings are stimulated?

A. Fine touch
B. Pain
C. Vibration
D. Pressure
E. Stretch
A

B. Pain

18
Q

What type of information do C fibres carry?

A. Vibration
B. Dull burning pain
C. Dynamic muscle strecth
D. Sharp “fast” pain
E. Static muscle stretch
A

B. Dull burning pain

19
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?

A. Posterior parietal lobe
B. Precentral gyrus
C. Postcentral gyrus
D. Posterior frontal lobe
E. Insula
A

C. Postcentral gyrus

20
Q

Sharp localised pain is transmitted by what aspect of the nervous system?

A. Archispinothalamic tract
B. Neospinothalamic tract
C. Paleospinothalamic tract
D. Parasympathetic nerves
E. Sympathetic nerves
A

B. Neospinothalamic tract

21
Q

In the ear, where does transduction of mechanical to neural signals occurs?

A. At K+ channels in stereocilia
B. At the base of the outer hair cells
C. In the scala vestibuli
D. In the scala tympani
E. Between the oval and round windows
A

A. At K+ channels in stereocilia

22
Q

Which of the following statements about the cornea of the eye is INCORRECT?

A. It is devoid of blood vessels
B. It receives its nutrients from the aqueous humor
C. It has a fixed refractive index
D. Cataracts are formed when it is damaged
E. It receives oxygen from the tear film

A

D. Cataracts are formed when it is damaged

23
Q

A lesion of the optic chiasm results in what visual field defect?

A. Inability to recognise objects
B. Bilateral hemianopia
C. Contralesional homonymous hemianopia
D. Contralesional superior quadranopia
E. Contralesional inferior quadranopia
A

B. Bilateral hemianopia

24
Q

Classical conditioning is an example of what type of memory?

A. Episodic
B. Implicit
C. Declarative
D. Semantic
E. Nonassociative
A

B. Implicit

25
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A. Lateral surface of occipital lobe
B. Parahippocampal gyrus
C. Middle frontal gyrus
D. Superior temporal gyrus
E. Parietal lobe
A

D. Superior temporal gyrus

Year 1 LCRS (2 decks)

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