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PSYC1002 > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system and what do they control?

A

Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system - motor nerves, autonomic nervous system, sensory nerves, enteric nervous system

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2
Q

In the peripheral nervous system what is the input/output of the two parts?

A

Sensory - input to cns from sensory organs

Motor - output from CNS to muscles

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3
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Controls many non-voluntary functions e.g. Digestion, heart rate sweating pupil size genitals

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4
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic - prepares for action

Parasympathetic - involved in rest and recuperation

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5
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Controls digestive activity (peristalsis and secretion of enzymes) and sense physical and chemical conditions of the gut.

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6
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord protected by?

A

Bone, meninges, blood brain barrier

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7
Q

What is the meninges?

A

Flexible sheet made from 3 membranes, between bone and nervous tissue.

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8
Q

What are the 3 membranes of the blood brain barrier?

A

Pure mater
Arachnid membrane
Pia mater

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9
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

Protect brain and spinal cord –> particular blood vessels that have special walls restricting entry of many chemicals.

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10
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A
  • cavities inside the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

- sewage system of the CNS

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11
Q

What are the 7 major subdivisions of the brain?

A 
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
Neocortex
Corpus collosum
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12
Q

What can happen if damage occurs to the brain stem?

A

Coma and death due to increase in intracranial pressure squashing brain stem.

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13
Q

Where and what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Top of brain stem - control of precision movements, densely packed with neurons.

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14
Q

What is the function or the limbic system?

A

Control of emotion and memory

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15
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Involved in action and thought - at any time variety of actions, basal ganglia determines what you do.

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16
Q

Where is the basal ganglia and neocortex located?

A

Basal ganglia - wraps around thalamus

Neocortex. - convoluted sheet on top of brain

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17
Q

Why is the neocortex convoluted?

A
  • increased surface area

- thickness remains fixed.

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18
Q

What are the four lobes of the neocortex and what are their functions?

A
  1. Frontal lobe - support planning and many executive decisions
  2. Parietal lobe. - understanding space and how to move in it
  3. Temporal lobe - memory and language
  4. Occipital lobe - vision
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19
Q

What is the sophistication of our brain due to?

A

High speed of information AND complexity of connections between neurons.

20
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

Prevents depolarisation

Speeds up propagation of action potential

21
Q

What have we learned from knowledge of neuronal function?

A

Certain Drugs work by interfering with action potentials e.g. Anaesthetics prevent opening of ion channels

22
Q

What two types of neurotransmitters are there?

A

Excitatory - promote action potential in 2nd neuron

Inhibitory - block action potential

23
Q

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) studies the brain how?

A
  • magnetic pulse to induce electrical current which depolarises neurons and provokes action potentials
24
Q

What is the function of an EEG?

A

Electrodes plates against skull record elective all fields by activity of many neurons –> good temporal resolution poor spatial resolution

25
Q

What does positron emission tomography measure?

A

Activity in Brain by measuring changes in Blood flow by using radioactive labelled glucose

26
Q

How does PET work?

A

Records amount of oxygen in areas of the brain –> bad areas will draw more blood as they require more oxygen.

27
Q

How does magnetic resonance imagine or MRI work?

A

Bombards head with high frequency radio waves measures orientation of protons - identifies different types of brain tissue.

28
Q

What does fMRI measure?

A

Changes in oxygen in blood

29
Q

What does magnetoencephalography (MEG)do and what does it measure?

A

Measures magnetic fields emitted from brain to create 3D visualisation of where electrical activity arises from –> creates functional map of brain response.

30
Q

What keeps us awake?

A

Noradrenaline neurons, in locus coeruleus, serotonin neurons, and acetylcholine neurons in pons.

31
Q

What is caused by destruction of the pre optic area?

A

Insomnia and stimulation can cause sleep.

32
Q

What is sleep characterised by?

A

Rhythmic patterns of electrical activity in the brain.

33
Q

What is rem sleep?

A

At multiple times through the night brain becomes desynchronised, rapid eye movement. If woken we typically report we are dreaming.

34
Q

What is rem sleep caused by?

A

Caused by neurons in pons that contain acetylcholine and stimulates neurons in the thalamus, which project to the visual cortex.

35
Q

What does the destruction of the lateral hypothalamus do in rats?

A

Stop eating dramatically.
Weight drops until rat begins eating but only a fraction of what is previously ate and weight becomes stable but much lower than before.

36
Q

What is lateral hypothalamus feeding control by?

A

Controlling release of insulin
Regulating attention
Influencing taste

37
Q

What does the destruction of the hypothalamus cause?

A

Rats - over eaters, making them gain weight quickly

However each meal is normal size but they eat more often

38
Q

Are the two hemispheres mirror images of each other?

A

No - several higher functions are lateralised , one side is more important. Eg hand preference

39
Q

What is the evidence for the lateralisation of language?

A

Stokes in left cause aphasia (problems with speech)
Brain imaging - left hem more active when person list be to speech
Dichotic listening task - people understand word better if presented to right ear.

40
Q

What does damage to Broca’s area cause?

A

Difficulties speaking and can understand speech.

41
Q

What does damage to wernickes area cause?

A

Problems with comprehension - produces fluent but meaningless speech.

42
Q

What is weird about split brain patients?

A

Still walk talk and suffer little impairments to intelligence or emotion but differences in what right and left hands do.

43
Q

What is the most commonly know function of the right hemisphere?

A

Memory structure

44
Q

What is hippocampal amnesia?

A

Damage to the hippocampus - remember old events but can’t learn anything new.

45
Q

What is Wernickes-Karsakoff’s syndrome caused by and does it lead to?

A

Severe deficiency in vitamin D in alcoholics
Confusion, disordered gait and eye movements
May lead to profound amnesia

PSYC1002 (3 decks)

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