Neuroscience Flashcards
-Neuroanatomy -Neurophysiology -Neurotransmitters
60 yo right-handed M, getting lost, only writes on right half of paper. Left-sided hemi-neglect. Where is the lesion? (8x)
R Parietal Lobe
66 yo with HTN develops vertigo, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, hiccups, L face numbness, nystagmus, hoarseness, ataxia of limbs, staggering gait, and tendency to fall to the left. Dx? (8x)
Lateral Medullary Stroke
26 yo w/ HA and R-hand clumsiness for weeks. Exam shows difficulty w/rapid alternating movements of hand, overt intention tremor on finger-to-nose, and mildly dysmetric finger tamping. CNS intact and no papilledema. Where will damage show on MRI? (5x)
Cerebellum
78 yo pt had an ischemic stroke that left him with a residual mild hemiplegia. Pt appeared to be unaware that there was a problem of weakness on one side of this body. When asked to raise the weak arm, the patient raised his normal arm. When the failure to raise the paralyzed arm was pointed out to pt, he admitted that the arm was slightly weak. He also neglects the side of the body when dressing and grooming. Pt did not shave one side of his face, had difficulty putting a shirt on when it was turned inside out. Area of the brain
likely affected by stroke? (4x)
R Parietal Lobe
Adult neurogenesis happens in which area of the brain? (4x)
Hippocampus
MRI scan of head reveals an infarct in distribution of left anterior cerebral artery. Pt most likely exhibits: (3x)
Weakness of contralateral foot and leg, sparing of face and arm, with abulia
Previously pleasant mom becomes profane and irresponsible over 6
months. Most likely a pathology in: (2x)
Frontal Lobe
Rapid onset of right facial weakness, left limb weakness, diplopia: (2x)
Brain Stem Infarct
In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens.
Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain? (2x)
Ventral tegmental area
Orexin is made in what part of the brain? (2x)
Lateral hypothalamic nuclei
Brain area activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces
(2x)
Amygdala
Where does histamine synthesis happen? (2x)
Hypothalamus
Which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbens and also mediates addiction and associated behaviors/reinforcing? (2x)
Mesolimbic
Neural plasticity is largely mediated through the capacity to rapidly change in number and morphology of what cell structure? (2x)
Dendritic spines
Which brain region does leptin work at?
Hypothalamus
Oxytocin suppresses which brain region?
Amygdala
Hypothalamus area for maternal behavior?
Pre-optic
Cranial nerve for gag reflex and palette elevation
Vagal nerve
Which of the following statements regarding the development of the CNS in the first 2 years of life is correct?
Motor cortex develops before sensory cortex
Which of the following cortical regions is a key component of the salience network?
Anterior cingulate cortex
Primary taste cortex in humans located in which cortical area?
Anterior Insular
Initial learning phase of skilled motor sequence requires the corticostriatal system and what other system?
Corticocerebellar
Reduced hippocampal volume causes what type of memory impairment?
Declarative
Histaminergic neurons that regulate sleep originate in which brain nuclei?
Tuberomamillary
Pt receives neck manipulation, now has dysarthric speech, gait ataxia, numbness R body, neck pain. Dx?
Vertebral artery dissection
Which areas are connected by the stria terminalis?
Amygdala to the septal area and the hypothalamus
Wakefulness depends on whichi brain area?
Ascending reticular activating system
What forms the neural tube?
Ectoderm
rTMS for MDD targets which brain region?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Neurogenesis in the adult brain is restricted to what region of the brain?
Dentate gyrus
Which of the following is part fo the hippocampal formation: amygdala, septal area, dentate gyrus, cingulate gyrus, mammillary bodies?
Dentate gyrus
Bipolar has decr connectivity here:
Amygdala and PFC
Biogenic amine made in locus coeruleus
NE
CNS response to fear medicated by what structure?
Central nucleus of the amygdala
Behavioral and visceral responses in fear come from projections to the brainstem and hypothalamic nuclei from which of the following?
centromedial nuclei of the amgydala
CNS region containing dopaminergic neurons projecting to caudate and putamen
Substantia nigra
Area of brain responsible for facial recognition
fusiform gyrus
Area of brain to remember a number to make a phone call
Dorsolateral PFC
Which part of the cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli?
Lateral orbitofrontal
Which circuit mediates the ability to resist responding to aggravating situations with hostility
orbitofrontal
the dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, striatum, and ____ are part of a loop circuit that produces worry and obsessive symptoms
thalamus
Hyperactivity of orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus is what disorder?
OCD
The blood brain barrier is made up of what kind of cell?
endothelial
Dopamine neurons in what system are primarily implicated in tasks related to cognitive processing?
mesocortical
Development of gray brain matter volume peaks at what stage?
Late childhood
In a pt with hippocampus damage, what allows them to still learn new skills like playing tennis
Basal ganglia
Where are stem cells in the hippocampus for adult brains?
subgranular zone
65y pt has stroke that causes him to fall. On exam, weakness of R leg with only minor weakness of R hand, no weakness of face, no sensory deficit. Speech is not affected, but pt seems unusually quiet and passive. Stroke most likely involves the
L anterior cerebral artery
Hemisensory loss followed by pain and hyperpathia involving all modalities and reaching the midline of the trunk and head. This is most consistent with ischemia in the distribution of which of the following arteries?
Posterior cerebral
R-sided palsy with equal involvement of the face, arm, and leg combined with third nerve palsy is most likely due to occlusion of a branch of which artery?
Posterior cerebral
Bilateral LE weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence are most likely to result from occlusion of which of the following arteries?
Anterior cerebral
Pure sensory deficit extending to midline and involving face, arm, trunk, and leg, caused by a lacunar infarct where?
lateral thalamus
Blocking R posterior cerebral artery causes which visual disturbance?
L homonymous hemianopsia
Clinical syndrome associated with occlusion of the cortical branch of the posterior cerebral artery would result in which of the following?
Homonymous hemianopia with alexia without agraphia
28y cocaine user complains of LBP, numbness in both legs/feed, thigh, buttocks, abd. R leg is weak/clumsy, L leg is tired. Has urinary incontinence and difficulty walking. Decr light touch, pinprick, temperature. Normal vibration and propioception. DTR hard to elicit. Muscle tone is normal. Decr strength in b/l LE but worse on R. Dx?
Anterior spinal artery infarction
Intact somatosensory functioning for light touch, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration, and propioception but pt cannot recognize object based on touch. Which brain region affected?
Posterior parietal lobe
Loss of ability to execute previously learned motor activities (which is not the result of demonstrable weakness, ataxia, or sensory loss) is associated with lesions of?
L parietal cortex
Normal Romberg w/ eyes open but loses balance with eyes closed. Where is the abnl?
Cerebellar vermis
Motor speech paradigm activation task on fMRI - hyperactivity in R temporal lobe. Damage is where?
Calcarine fissure
Aphasia w/ effortful fragmented, non-fluent, telegraphic speech, is seen in a lesion where?
Posterior frontal lobe
Pituitary tumor that protrudes through the diaphragmatic sella is most likely to cause?
Bitemporal hemianopsia
Conduction aphasia often occurs as a result of damage to which structure?
Arcuate fasciculus
Unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, unsteadiness, falls, h/a, mild facial weakness and ipsilateral limb ataxia is MC associated w tumors where?
Cerebellopontine angle
20y w 1 yr h/o bitemporal h/a, polydipsia, polyuria, bulimia plus 2-month h/o emotional outbursts, aggression, and transient confusion. Neuro exam normal. Brain MRI will show?
Hypothalamic tumor
34y M is referred for psych eval 5y after head injury. Prior to accident, he was stable, happily married. Since accident, he is overly talkative, restless, divorced, and fired from his job (acting irresponsibly). Psychometric testing reveals average intelligence, no detectable memory deficits. Pt’s clinical presentation is most consistent with damage to which brain area?
Frontal Lobe
Pt reports h/a and peripheral vision loss. Visual field defects involving the temporal fields of both eyes are detected. MRI likely to reveal
Mass in sella turcica
Unconsciousness can be induced by a small area of damage where?
Reticular formation
Acute onset of hemiballismus of LUE & LLE. MRI most likely to show lesion where?
Subthalamic nucleus
Akinetic mutism can result from bilateral infarctions of which structure?
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which lesion causes bilateral coarse nystagmus worsening with visual fixation and presents with horizontal and vertical nystagmus
brainstem
32y pt 1m h/o worsening h/a, episodic mood swings, occasional hallucinations with visual, tactile, and auditory content. CT head reveals tumor where?
Temporal lobe
What does the cerebellum do in the human adult brain?
Diverse roles in movement, behavior, learning
Syndrome characterized by fluent speech, preserved comprehension, inability to repeat, w/o associated signs. Lesion location where?
Supramarginal gyrus or insula
Lesions in mammillary bodies will produce what sxs?
Amnesia, confabulation, lack of insight
62y progressive personality changes, has dull emotions, lack of initiative, & apathy. Autopsy most likely to show atrophy of
Frontal Lobe
Implantation of DBS electrodes is an effective tx for Parkinson’s. optimal location for electrodes?
Subthalamic nucleus
DBS in which brain structure is useful rx for primary generalized dystonia?
globus pallidus
Mesolimbic DA pathway includes which structure?
Ventral striatum
How do cortical brain areas connect between the cerebral hemispheres?
Commissural fibers
The uncinated fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?
anterior temporal and ventral prefrontal regions
What are the cortical columns?
Functional units for information processing?
Abnl emotional expressions such as pathological laughter or crying caused by lesions affecting cortical subcortical circuits linking frontal cortex, pons, and what?
cerebellum
Exposure to light affects which brain structure?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Part of brain that makes circadian rhythms?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
When does synaptogenesis peak?
4y of life
Why does the brain rapidly incr in size from birth to 2 years old?
synaptogenesis of neurons
Where does the neuron morphology in the brain change the most?
prefrontal cortex
Threatening objects produce startle response prior to person becoming consciously aware. Connection of thalamus to what?
Amygdala
Huntington’s disease characterized by loss of neurons producing which NT?
GABA
17y evaluated for binge eating assoc w 60lb weight gain over past 4m. CT shows a craniopharyngioma that likely disrupts which structure?
Ventromedial hypothalamus
What is an accurate statement about the brain’s default mode network?
Is involved in reprocessing previously experienced stimuli
Most likely reason that adults are superior to adolescents in abstract thinking. The brain undergoes:
synaptic pruning
