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Neuroscience Flashcards

-Neuroanatomy -Neurophysiology -Neurotransmitters

1
Q

60 yo right-handed M, getting lost, only writes on right half of paper. Left-sided hemi-neglect. Where is the lesion? (8x)

A

R Parietal Lobe

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2
Q

66 yo with HTN develops vertigo, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, hiccups, L face numbness, nystagmus, hoarseness, ataxia of limbs, staggering gait, and tendency to fall to the left. Dx? (8x)

A

Lateral Medullary Stroke

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3
Q

26 yo w/ HA and R-hand clumsiness for weeks. Exam shows difficulty w/rapid alternating movements of hand, overt intention tremor on finger-to-nose, and mildly dysmetric finger tamping. CNS intact and no papilledema. Where will damage show on MRI? (5x)

A

Cerebellum

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4
Q

78 yo pt had an ischemic stroke that left him with a residual mild hemiplegia. Pt appeared to be unaware that there was a problem of weakness on one side of this body. When asked to raise the weak arm, the patient raised his normal arm. When the failure to raise the paralyzed arm was pointed out to pt, he admitted that the arm was slightly weak. He also neglects the side of the body when dressing and grooming. Pt did not shave one side of his face, had difficulty putting a shirt on when it was turned inside out. Area of the brain
likely affected by stroke? (4x)

A

R Parietal Lobe

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5
Q

Adult neurogenesis happens in which area of the brain? (4x)

A

Hippocampus

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6
Q

MRI scan of head reveals an infarct in distribution of left anterior cerebral artery. Pt most likely exhibits: (3x)

A

Weakness of contralateral foot and leg, sparing of face and arm, with abulia

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7
Q

Previously pleasant mom becomes profane and irresponsible over 6
months. Most likely a pathology in: (2x)

A

Frontal Lobe

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8
Q

Rapid onset of right facial weakness, left limb weakness, diplopia: (2x)

A

Brain Stem Infarct

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9
Q

In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens.
Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain? (2x)

A

Ventral tegmental area

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10
Q

Orexin is made in what part of the brain? (2x)

A

Lateral hypothalamic nuclei

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11
Q

Brain area activated by subliminal presentations of emotional faces
(2x)

A

Amygdala

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12
Q

Where does histamine synthesis happen? (2x)

A

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

Which dopaminergic pathway includes the nucleus accumbens and also mediates addiction and associated behaviors/reinforcing? (2x)

A

Mesolimbic

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14
Q

Neural plasticity is largely mediated through the capacity to rapidly change in number and morphology of what cell structure? (2x)

A

Dendritic spines

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15
Q

Which brain region does leptin work at?

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

Oxytocin suppresses which brain region?

A

Amygdala

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17
Q

Hypothalamus area for maternal behavior?

A

Pre-optic

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18
Q

Cranial nerve for gag reflex and palette elevation

A

Vagal nerve

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19
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the development of the CNS in the first 2 years of life is correct?

A

Motor cortex develops before sensory cortex

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20
Q

Which of the following cortical regions is a key component of the salience network?

A

Anterior cingulate cortex

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21
Q

Primary taste cortex in humans located in which cortical area?

A

Anterior Insular

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22
Q

Initial learning phase of skilled motor sequence requires the corticostriatal system and what other system?

A

Corticocerebellar

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23
Q

Reduced hippocampal volume causes what type of memory impairment?

A

Declarative

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24
Q

Histaminergic neurons that regulate sleep originate in which brain nuclei?

A

Tuberomamillary

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25
Q

Pt receives neck manipulation, now has dysarthric speech, gait ataxia, numbness R body, neck pain. Dx?

A

Vertebral artery dissection

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26
Q

Which areas are connected by the stria terminalis?

A

Amygdala to the septal area and the hypothalamus

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27
Q

Wakefulness depends on whichi brain area?

A

Ascending reticular activating system

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28
Q

What forms the neural tube?

A

Ectoderm

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29
Q

rTMS for MDD targets which brain region?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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30
Q

Neurogenesis in the adult brain is restricted to what region of the brain?

A

Dentate gyrus

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31
Q

Which of the following is part fo the hippocampal formation: amygdala, septal area, dentate gyrus, cingulate gyrus, mammillary bodies?

A

Dentate gyrus

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32
Q

Bipolar has decr connectivity here:

A

Amygdala and PFC

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33
Q

Biogenic amine made in locus coeruleus

A

NE

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34
Q

CNS response to fear medicated by what structure?

A

Central nucleus of the amygdala

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35
Q

Behavioral and visceral responses in fear come from projections to the brainstem and hypothalamic nuclei from which of the following?

A

centromedial nuclei of the amgydala

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36
Q

CNS region containing dopaminergic neurons projecting to caudate and putamen

A

Substantia nigra

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37
Q

Area of brain responsible for facial recognition

A

fusiform gyrus

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38
Q

Area of brain to remember a number to make a phone call

A

Dorsolateral PFC

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39
Q

Which part of the cortical-striatal-pallidal-thalamic cortical circuit evaluates painful stimuli?

A

Lateral orbitofrontal

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40
Q

Which circuit mediates the ability to resist responding to aggravating situations with hostility

A

orbitofrontal

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41
Q

the dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, striatum, and ____ are part of a loop circuit that produces worry and obsessive symptoms

A

thalamus

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42
Q

Hyperactivity of orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus is what disorder?

A

OCD

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43
Q

The blood brain barrier is made up of what kind of cell?

A

endothelial

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44
Q

Dopamine neurons in what system are primarily implicated in tasks related to cognitive processing?

A

mesocortical

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45
Q

Development of gray brain matter volume peaks at what stage?

A

Late childhood

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46
Q

In a pt with hippocampus damage, what allows them to still learn new skills like playing tennis

A

Basal ganglia

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47
Q

Where are stem cells in the hippocampus for adult brains?

A

subgranular zone

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48
Q

65y pt has stroke that causes him to fall. On exam, weakness of R leg with only minor weakness of R hand, no weakness of face, no sensory deficit. Speech is not affected, but pt seems unusually quiet and passive. Stroke most likely involves the

A

L anterior cerebral artery

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49
Q

Hemisensory loss followed by pain and hyperpathia involving all modalities and reaching the midline of the trunk and head. This is most consistent with ischemia in the distribution of which of the following arteries?

A

Posterior cerebral

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50
Q

R-sided palsy with equal involvement of the face, arm, and leg combined with third nerve palsy is most likely due to occlusion of a branch of which artery?

A

Posterior cerebral

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51
Q

Bilateral LE weakness, abulia, mutism, urinary incontinence are most likely to result from occlusion of which of the following arteries?

A

Anterior cerebral

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52
Q

Pure sensory deficit extending to midline and involving face, arm, trunk, and leg, caused by a lacunar infarct where?

A

lateral thalamus

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53
Q

Blocking R posterior cerebral artery causes which visual disturbance?

A

L homonymous hemianopsia

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54
Q

Clinical syndrome associated with occlusion of the cortical branch of the posterior cerebral artery would result in which of the following?

A

Homonymous hemianopia with alexia without agraphia

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55
Q

28y cocaine user complains of LBP, numbness in both legs/feed, thigh, buttocks, abd. R leg is weak/clumsy, L leg is tired. Has urinary incontinence and difficulty walking. Decr light touch, pinprick, temperature. Normal vibration and propioception. DTR hard to elicit. Muscle tone is normal. Decr strength in b/l LE but worse on R. Dx?

A

Anterior spinal artery infarction

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56
Q

Intact somatosensory functioning for light touch, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration, and propioception but pt cannot recognize object based on touch. Which brain region affected?

A

Posterior parietal lobe

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57
Q

Loss of ability to execute previously learned motor activities (which is not the result of demonstrable weakness, ataxia, or sensory loss) is associated with lesions of?

A

L parietal cortex

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58
Q

Normal Romberg w/ eyes open but loses balance with eyes closed. Where is the abnl?

A

Cerebellar vermis

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59
Q

Motor speech paradigm activation task on fMRI - hyperactivity in R temporal lobe. Damage is where?

A

Calcarine fissure

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60
Q

Aphasia w/ effortful fragmented, non-fluent, telegraphic speech, is seen in a lesion where?

A

Posterior frontal lobe

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61
Q

Pituitary tumor that protrudes through the diaphragmatic sella is most likely to cause?

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia

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62
Q

Conduction aphasia often occurs as a result of damage to which structure?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

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63
Q

Unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, unsteadiness, falls, h/a, mild facial weakness and ipsilateral limb ataxia is MC associated w tumors where?

A

Cerebellopontine angle

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64
Q

20y w 1 yr h/o bitemporal h/a, polydipsia, polyuria, bulimia plus 2-month h/o emotional outbursts, aggression, and transient confusion. Neuro exam normal. Brain MRI will show?

A

Hypothalamic tumor

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65
Q

34y M is referred for psych eval 5y after head injury. Prior to accident, he was stable, happily married. Since accident, he is overly talkative, restless, divorced, and fired from his job (acting irresponsibly). Psychometric testing reveals average intelligence, no detectable memory deficits. Pt’s clinical presentation is most consistent with damage to which brain area?

A

Frontal Lobe

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66
Q

Pt reports h/a and peripheral vision loss. Visual field defects involving the temporal fields of both eyes are detected. MRI likely to reveal

A

Mass in sella turcica

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67
Q

Unconsciousness can be induced by a small area of damage where?

A

Reticular formation

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68
Q

Acute onset of hemiballismus of LUE & LLE. MRI most likely to show lesion where?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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69
Q

Akinetic mutism can result from bilateral infarctions of which structure?

A

Anterior cingulate gyrus

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70
Q

Which lesion causes bilateral coarse nystagmus worsening with visual fixation and presents with horizontal and vertical nystagmus

A

brainstem

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71
Q

32y pt 1m h/o worsening h/a, episodic mood swings, occasional hallucinations with visual, tactile, and auditory content. CT head reveals tumor where?

A

Temporal lobe

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72
Q

What does the cerebellum do in the human adult brain?

A

Diverse roles in movement, behavior, learning

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73
Q

Syndrome characterized by fluent speech, preserved comprehension, inability to repeat, w/o associated signs. Lesion location where?

A

Supramarginal gyrus or insula

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74
Q

Lesions in mammillary bodies will produce what sxs?

A

Amnesia, confabulation, lack of insight

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75
Q

62y progressive personality changes, has dull emotions, lack of initiative, & apathy. Autopsy most likely to show atrophy of

A

Frontal Lobe

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76
Q

Implantation of DBS electrodes is an effective tx for Parkinson’s. optimal location for electrodes?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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77
Q

DBS in which brain structure is useful rx for primary generalized dystonia?

A

globus pallidus

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78
Q

Mesolimbic DA pathway includes which structure?

A

Ventral striatum

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79
Q

How do cortical brain areas connect between the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Commissural fibers

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80
Q

The uncinated fasciculus connects which of the following brain areas?

A

anterior temporal and ventral prefrontal regions

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81
Q

What are the cortical columns?

A

Functional units for information processing?

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82
Q

Abnl emotional expressions such as pathological laughter or crying caused by lesions affecting cortical subcortical circuits linking frontal cortex, pons, and what?

A

cerebellum

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83
Q

Exposure to light affects which brain structure?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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84
Q

Part of brain that makes circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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85
Q

When does synaptogenesis peak?

A

4y of life

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86
Q

Why does the brain rapidly incr in size from birth to 2 years old?

A

synaptogenesis of neurons

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87
Q

Where does the neuron morphology in the brain change the most?

A

prefrontal cortex

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88
Q

Threatening objects produce startle response prior to person becoming consciously aware. Connection of thalamus to what?

A

Amygdala

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89
Q

Huntington’s disease characterized by loss of neurons producing which NT?

A

GABA

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90
Q

17y evaluated for binge eating assoc w 60lb weight gain over past 4m. CT shows a craniopharyngioma that likely disrupts which structure?

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus

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91
Q

What is an accurate statement about the brain’s default mode network?

A

Is involved in reprocessing previously experienced stimuli

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92
Q

Most likely reason that adults are superior to adolescents in abstract thinking. The brain undergoes:

A

synaptic pruning

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93
Q

Dorsal-lateral-prefrontal cortex plays an important role in what activity?

A

Working memory

94
Q

Drug abuse activates these neuro circuits, generating signals in the ventral tegmental area to where?

A

Dopamine into the nucleus accumbens

95
Q

95% of R-handed people develop L hemispheric dominance for language. What % of L-handed people develop L hemispheric dominance for language?

A

75%

96
Q

Neural pathway mediating reactive aggression?

A

Amygdala-Hyopthalamus-Periaqueductal gray

97
Q

Area of frontal cortex activated in Wisconsin Card Sorting Test during shifting of cognitive sets?

A

Dorsolateral

98
Q

After middle age, what brain region has decr sleep spindle density?

A

frontal and occipital lobes

99
Q

What neurodevelopmental process predominantly occurs during adolescence and young adulthood?

A

synaptic pruning

100
Q

Where in the brain are circadian rhythms related to sleep behavior set and maintained?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

101
Q

What sensation is transmitted through the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain

102
Q

Ability to temporarily store and manipulate information such as in mental arithmetic

A

Working memory

103
Q

Neural circuit that connects anterolateral orbitofrontal cortex, anterior part of the putamen, and the thalamus is involved in what cognitive function?

A

Affective processing

104
Q

What type of glial cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS?

A

Schwann

105
Q

Brain region most closely associated with cortical processing of faces

A

L Parietal

106
Q

This hypothalamic nuclei is key to integration of neural and nutrient signals with hormonal signals from the small intestine, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, and brainstem

A

arcuate nucleus

107
Q

What hormone is synthesized in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Neuropeptide Y

108
Q

Brain region connected with the anterior medial frontal cortex during recognition of affective behavior by mirror neuron system

A

Insula

109
Q

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone is released from which brain region during stress?

A

paraventricular nucleus

110
Q

Individuals with PTSD demonstrate low responses in what structures on functional imaging?

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

111
Q

Thiamine deficiency is associated with changes in which structure?

A

Mammillary bodies

112
Q

Diencephalon is a precursor to which brain structure?

A

Thalamus

113
Q

Poor strategies for solving visuospatial problems such as following illustrations for assembling furniture involves which circuit?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal circuit

114
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei affect puberty by pulsatile GnRH secretion?

A

Infundibular

115
Q

Which of the following is a key part of the default mode network:
-medial prefrontal,
-anterior cingulate,
-dorsolateral prefrontal,
-ventromedial prefrontal,
-lateral posterior parietal

A

medial prefrontal

116
Q

Brain structure implicated in maternal attachment

A

Amygdala

117
Q

Pathway implicated in tardive dyskinesia

A

Nigrostriatal

118
Q

Corticobulbar fibers run through which part of the internal capsule?

A

genu

119
Q

Area that contains cell bodies of noradrenergic neurons

A

locus coeruleus

120
Q

PTSD reduces brain volume of this region on MRI

A

Hippocampus

121
Q

26y M with clumsiness & dizziness comes in for h/a, difficulty with rapid alternating movements of R hand, and overt intentional tremor with finger to nose. Structure most likely damaged on MRI?

A

cerebellum

122
Q

Which brain lobe is responsible for initial detection of shape, form, and color?

A

temporal

123
Q

Dopamine cell bodies are located where?

A

Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

124
Q

Prenatal exposure to VPA causes defects in which stage of development of the nervous system?

A

neurulation

125
Q

Brain region involved in working memory

A

Prefrontal cortex

126
Q

Brain area inhibited in wakefulness

A

ventral lateral preoptic nucleus

127
Q

Drugs of abuse that lead to addictive behavior activate which dopamine pathway?

A

mesoaccumbens

128
Q

What brainstem area causes defensive behavior in response to threat?

A

dorsal periaqueductal gray

129
Q

A brain region where adult neurogenesis occurs

A

lateral ventricle

130
Q

Hyperactive DTRs are a sign of upper or lower motor neuron injury?

A

Upper

131
Q

Which cell type secretes innate pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFa and IL1B in pts with inflammatory conditions that affect the brain (x2)

A

Microglia

132
Q

Cortical synaptic remodeling characteristic of normal adolescence is also believed to be associated w what neurobiological change (2x)?

A

Preferential loss of excitatory synapses

133
Q

Disruption of cortical areas that form the salience network leads to impaired functioning

A

detection of relevant stimuli

134
Q

relaxation state of biofeedback shows decreasing

A

skin conductance

135
Q

How do inflammatory cytokines contribute to depression?

A

Incr serotonin reuptake transporters (opposite of SSRIs)

136
Q

Which cells form neural circuits and scavenge for debris in the brain?

A

Microglia

137
Q

Hormone released from adipose tissues, enters the brain and provides negative feedback/reduces food intake, regulates fat stores

A

Leptin

138
Q

Where is ghrelin synthesized and released?

A

Enteroendocrine cells in the proximal small intestine and stomach

139
Q

Process of calcium mediated long-lasting incr in AMPA receptor signal transmission

A

Long-term potentiation

140
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete when you are stressed?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone CRH

141
Q

The rapid learning demonstrated by children during the school-age is paralleled by neurodevelopmentally by which of the following brain processes?

A

Incr in white matter

142
Q

The most important feature of postnatal brain development is an incr in what?

A

Number of dendritic and axonal processes

143
Q

What occurs when the central nervous system responds to an acute cortical insult?

A

Microglia processes retract, and the cell body enlarges

144
Q

Hormone released during sleep that doesn’t have a circadian rhythm pattern

A

growth hormone

145
Q

Neuronal plasticity for learning and memory is best accounted for by

A

Synaptic connectivity

146
Q

Microglial propagation of cytokines with associated decreased physical activity in response to a peripheral infection is a positive or negative effect of the neuroinflammatory response?

A

Positive

147
Q

Potent neuroprotective factor preventing neuronal cell death (apoptosis)

A

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide

148
Q

What type of receptor is a glucocorticoid receptor?

A

Nuclear

149
Q

How estrogen modulates effects on neuroinflammation

A

Decr inflammatory cytokines

150
Q

Relationship between estrogen and depression during menopausal transition?

A

Rapidity of change in estrogen corrected with the development of depression

151
Q

Which of the following is in highest concentration in women: cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone

152
Q

What do you call a modulator that enhances receptor function when an agonist is present but does not directly activate the receptor?

A

Positive allosteric modulator

153
Q

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor associate with reward properties of nicotine

A

alpha4beta2

154
Q

What happens to LH levels in postmenopausal women?

A

It increases

155
Q

Primary effect of inflammatory cytokines

A

Incr production of CRH

156
Q

Decr in what immune factor has evidence in its role for MDD?

A

natural killer cell activity

157
Q

Hormone associated with more and frequent eating

A

ghrelin

158
Q

Role of dosolateral prefrontal cortex

A

Working memory

159
Q

Function of protoplasmic astrocytes

A

Support of axons in white matter

160
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes

A

Formation of myelin sheaths around CNS axons

161
Q

DA release in what structure represents common final event associated w/ reinforcing effects of opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, PCP, and alcohol (5x)?

A

nucleus accumbens

162
Q

In addiction, dopaminergic neurons project to nucleus accumbens. Cell bodies of these neurons reside in which area of the brain? (3x)

A

Ventral tegmental area

163
Q

Neurohormone for social bonding (3x)

A

Oxytocin

164
Q

Hormone surge for orgasm (2x)

A

Oxytocin

165
Q

Role of glycerine at NMDA receptor (2x)

A

Obligate coagonist

166
Q

Which neurotransmitter system is the last to mature in the CNS of children and adolescents? (2x)

A

cholinergic

167
Q

A compound that increases muscle mass by incr episodic secretion of GH (2x)

A

Gamma hydroxybutyrate

168
Q

Which neurotransmitter is predominately inhibitory? (2x)

A

Glycine

169
Q

Neurochemical that reinforces effects of drugs of abuse acutely (2x)

A

Dopamine

170
Q

Decr level of what NT is most associated with depressed mood, poor sleep, poor impulse control, and affective aggression? (2x)

A

Serotonin

171
Q

Name the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of norepinephrine and dopamine (2x)

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

172
Q

Metabolite of what hormone modulates GABA-A, seen in depression (2x)?

A

Progesterone

173
Q

NT that’s downregulated in ventral striatum in someone with persistent pain (2x)

A

Dopamine

174
Q

Pain by neurogenic inflammation is mediated by? (2x)

A

Substance P

175
Q

There is incr activity of this substance in MDD regardless of treatment modality

A

BDNF

176
Q

Cation antagonist at NMDA receptor

A

magnesium

177
Q

Receptor critical for long term potentiation

A

NMDA receptor

178
Q

Neuronal death caused by NMDA receptor stimulation is due to

A

Excessive calcium influx resulting in mitochondrial caspase activation

179
Q

Blocking which neuropeptide receptor provides analgesia?

A

nociceptin

180
Q

NT with highest affinity for human CB-1 receptor

A

Anandamide

181
Q

How do steroids impact the hippocampus?

A

Decr AMPA glutamate signaling

182
Q

Predominant site of endocannabinoid receptor CB1?

A

Presynaptic membrane

183
Q

This peptide released into GI tract conveys feeling of satiety after food intake

A

Cholecystokinin

184
Q

L-methylfolate helps with depression by increasing production of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by increasing what?

A

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)

185
Q

Moleculate mechanism for ethanol intoxication

A

NMDA antagonism; GABA agonism

186
Q

IV ketamine is antagonism of which NT system

A

NMDA

187
Q

Intubated, agitated patient with delirious sx. Which NT associated with AMS?

A

Acetylcholine

188
Q

NT that stimulates AMPA receptors

A

Glutamate

189
Q

NT in sleep-promoting neurons of ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

A

GABA-A

190
Q

What NT system is involved in sexual arousal?

A

Dopamine

191
Q

Highest concentration of 5HT producing cells in the brain

A

Raphe nuclei

192
Q

DA and what else regulates reward circuitry?

A

GABA

193
Q

Cerebellar purkinje cells release what NT?

A

GABA

194
Q

NT precursor to melatonin?

A

Serotonin

195
Q

What area of the body has the most serotonin?

A

GI tract

196
Q

What NT have been associated with anxiety?

A

Norepinephrine

197
Q

Positive allosteric modulators of NT-gated, multimeric ion channels do what?

A

Incr probability of opening in presence of a ligand

198
Q

What are the major clusters of cell bodies containing serotonin in the brain?

A

Raphe nucleus in the brain stem

199
Q

Principal mechanism of termination of synaptic activity of DA in prefrontal cortex?

A

Diffusion

200
Q

Opiates inhibit cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in

A

Locus coeruleus

201
Q

NT maintains consistent levels with age

A

Serotonin

202
Q

Which NT are reduced in quantity, uptake and turnover in spasticity?

A

Glycine & GABA

203
Q

The cognitive enhancement associated with experimental D-cycloserine treatment in pt’s with schizophrenia has been attributed to enhancement of NMDA receptor activity by which of the following NT?

A

Glycine

204
Q

NT assoc w/ reward & reinforcement in nicotine dependence

A

Dopamine

205
Q

Prostaglandin D2 incr extracellular levels of

A

Adenosine

206
Q

Which is a retrograde neurotransmitter?

A

Endocannabinoids

207
Q

NT not stored in synaptic vesicles but made de novo

A

Endocannabinoids

208
Q

Characteristics of ACh receptors in cerebral cortex

A

Both inhibitory and excitatory

209
Q

Low CSF levels of this NT metabolites is associated with suicidality

A

5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindole acetic acid)

210
Q

What is the 5HT3 receptor classification?

A

Ligand gated

211
Q

Psych stress incr cortisol and prolonged cortisol is associated wtih bad outcomes. Stress also affects other hormones. Incr in which hormone is correlated wtih decr PTSD severity most likely due to hormone’s anti-glucocorticoid properties?

A

DHEA

212
Q

What hormone is diffused rather than directly released from vesicles?

A

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)

213
Q

Activation of this receptor is likely responsible for anti-anxiety, motor-impairment, and sedative hypnotic effects of alcohol

A

GABA-A

214
Q

NT regulating sleep and wakefulness

A

Histamine

215
Q

During REM sleep what neuron ceases firing?

A

Histamine

216
Q

What NT is thought to play a key role in fine-tuning working memory function in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

Dopamine

217
Q

Changes in tyrosine hydroxylase levels would affect what type of neurons?

A

Dopaminergic

218
Q

Blockade of which receptor causes sedation and weight gain side-effects for antipsychotics and antidepressants?

A

Histamine

219
Q

What NT present in the periaqueductal gray matter is involved in the mediation of pain?

A

Endorphins

220
Q

What NT, IF dysfunctional, most replicates core sx of schizophrenia?

A

Glutamate

221
Q

Which receptor does BDNF activate?

A

Tropomyosin receptor kinase B

222
Q

Orexin is associated with what basic function?

A

Sleep

223
Q

Receptor class that characteristically has multiple protein subunits and is capable fo rapid response to generate synaptic energy potentials

A

Ionotropic

224
Q

Neurotensin interacts with which NT system?

A

Dopamine

225
Q

Serotonin subtype modulated by alcohol

A

5HT-3

226
Q

Neuropeptide involved with panic disorder

A

Cholecystokinin

227
Q

GABA-A receptor activation leads to what ion movement?

A

Cl- efflux hyperpolarizes the neuron

228
Q

Ghrelin is synthesized and released primarily by what?

A

Stomach and small intestine

229
Q

Ketamine’s rapid antidepressant effect through this NT

A

Glutamate

230
Q

Hormone involved in osmoregulation, food intake, and female sexual behaviors

A

oxytocin

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