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Physiology > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

what is the brain?

A
  • an intricate network of neuro tissue (cluster of nuros)
  • plays a vital role in processing information received through nerve pathway from the body and in directing actions with their body
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2
Q

what is the brains role?

A

it is too oversee everything in our body

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3
Q

what are the four lobes of the brain?

A
  • occipital lobe
    -temporal lobe
    -frontal lobe
    -parietal lobe
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4
Q

elaborate on the frontal lobe?

A
  • located at the fount of the brain
    -largest love
    -co-ordination of messages from other lobes
  • primary motor cortex- voluntary movement
    -broaca’s area- production of speech
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5
Q

what are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

personality, judgment, insight, reasoning, problem solving, abstract thinking and working memory

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6
Q

elaborate on the parietal lobe?

A
  • located behind frontal lobe
  • primary somatosensory cortex receives sensory info from skin and body parts (Eg: arm and legs)
    -amount if cortex devoted to some body parts depends on the sensitivity of the part
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7
Q

functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • spatial orientation, perception and comprehension of languages, function recognising objects by touch
  • links to visual and somatosensory info together
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8
Q

Elaborate on the temporal lobe?

A
  • just above the ear
    -wernicke’s area- comprehension of speech
  • coordination of memory with emotion, storing personal memories
  • involved with face recognition, if damaged then partial or complete amnesia
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9
Q

what are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

hearing, language comprehension and memory (especially our ability t remember faces)

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10
Q

Elaborate on the occipital lobe?

A
  • back of the brain
    -primary visual cortex (base of the lobe) where the visual info is received from our eyes
  • receive and processes visual information- shapes, colours and motion perception
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11
Q

what is the wernicke’s area?

A

wernicke’s area is involved with the comprehension of speech specifically interpreting the sounds of human speech

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12
Q

what is the broca’s area?

A

representation pf word os sent to Broca’s area which coordinates the muscles needed to product the sound of the word

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13
Q

what are the hemispheres of the brain?

A
  • The cerebral cortex consists of two almost symmetrical hemispheres.
  • The two cerebral hemispheres do not function independently
  • Both hemispheres are actually involved in everything we think, feel and do
  • They exchange info and function together in an interactive way
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14
Q

what is corpys callosum

A

fiber bundle that connects the two hemispheres of the brain together

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15
Q

are the hemispheres of the brain separate?

A

no, but they appear to be bu a longitudinal fissure

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16
Q

how do the two hemispheres of the brain conumicate

A

through the corpys callosum which it is bridge of nerve tissue

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17
Q

The left hemisphere of the brain

A
  • the left hemisphere processes information sequentially and analytically and is primarily involved in our use of language.
  • it specializes in verbal and analytical functions, including reading, comprehension of speech, and logical reasoning, such as applying a formula to solve a math problem.
    -It is also used when developing an argument, devising a plan to accomplish a task, or organizing information
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18
Q

The right hemisphere of the brain

A

-it specializes in non-verbal functions that are not dependent on language skills.
-It excels in spatial and visual thinking, recognizing patterns, appreciating music, artworks, and imagination.
-Furthermore, the right hemisphere is more involved in recognizing emotions from facial cues and non-verbal emotional expression.

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19
Q

what are the three main regions of the brain

A

The hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain
Each region is associated with identifiable behaviours

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20
Q

name the three sections part of the HINDBRAIN

A

Cerebellum
Medulla
Pons

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21
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

-The cerebellum is a shaped structure about the size of a tennis ball – located just above the brain stem
-Involved in coordinating our movement, – ensuring they occur in a smooth, coordinated way
-Coordinates movement, posture, ballance, involved in speech & language
-damage to the cerebellum will affect your coordinating movements
-loss of motor movements
-inability to judge distance
-movement tremors
-stagged walking
-abnormal eye movements
-slurred speech

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22
Q

what is the medulla

A

-The medulla is located just above the spinal cord and connects the spinal cord to the brain.
-It controls vital functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, vomiting, salivating, coughing, and sneezing, all of which are involuntary responses and crucial for survival.
-Damage to the medulla is often fatal because it disrupts these essential functions.
-Large doses of drugs such as cocaine can affect the normal functions of the medulla, leading to an interruption of breathing or heartbeat.

23
Q

what is the pons

A

-Just above the medulla
-Bundle of nerve fibres that connects the spinal cord and the brain
-Important role in sleep, dreaming and some muscle movements
-relays messages to the higher up parts of the brain to the cerebellum
-damage to the pons would have a negative effect on sleep

24
Q

what is located in the midbrain

A

Reticular Formation

25
Q

what is the Reticular Formation

A

-Important functions, alertness and attention and modifying muscle movements
-Controls all cyclic functions i.e. respiration, circadian rhythm
-Regulates sensory and motor processes
damage to the midbrain
-movement disorders
-difficulty with visions and hearing
-trouble with memory
-a network of neurons which extend from the core of the brain stem to the upper part of the midbrain

26
Q

what is the FOREBRAIN

A

-The forebrain is the largest and most prominent part of the brain -(90%); involved in thinking, learning, memory and perception processes
-It is located above the midbrain and extends across the top of the brain.
-It has hundreds of neural pathways that connect with structures in the midbrain and hindbrain

27
Q

what is in the forebrain

A

The limbic system

28
Q

what is the Cerebral cortex

A

this is what we picture when we think of the brain

29
Q

what is the limbic system

A

The limbic system is the part of the brain involved in our speech, memory thinking, learning and problem solving, especially when it comes to behaviours we need for survival: feeding, reproduction and caring for our young, and emotional, memories and arousal responses.

30
Q

what is the Hippocampus

A

-is the memory processing centre of our brains
-Memories are formed and catalogued to be filed away in long term storage.
-Connections made in the hippocampus also help us turning short term memories to long term memories (the association between Christmas and the scent of gingerbread would be made here).

31
Q

what is the Amygdala

A

-Plays a central role in our aggression, fight or flight response, including feelings like pleasure, fear, anxiety and anger
-Attaches emotional content to our agression, and so plays an important role in determining how robustly those memories are stored.
-The amygdala doesn’t just modify the strength and emotional content of memories; it also plays a key role in forming new memories specifically related to fear.
-Fearful memories are able to be formed after only a few repetitions. This makes ‘fear learning’ a popular way to investigate memory formation, consolidation and recall.

32
Q

what is the Hypothalamus

A

-Hypothalamus is very small (about the size of a sultana grape) but it is an extremely important structure in the brain
-Central control’ for pituitary gland, sends messages to your brain of the body (autonomic, emotional, somatic function)
-Controls release of hunger, thirst, pleasure, body temp from various glands in the body

33
Q

what is the Thalamus

A

-Thalamus is shaped like a football and is located above the hypothalamus – buried deep in the brain like a pip in a peach
-relays sensory information, on the cerebral cortex this information and then passes it onto other areas of the brain for further processing
-Functions like a ‘cerebral’ in the brain

34
Q

what is an Internal environment

A

Internal environment- eg amount of CO2 in blood stream, hunger, need to urinate

35
Q

what is an External environment

A

External environment- change in light temp

36
Q

what is the nervous system made up off

A

the brain, spinal cord and neves

37
Q

the nervous system have 3 main functions

A

To receive information
To process information
To respond to information

38
Q

how is information received from the outside environment

A

through receptor cells located in the sense organs

The nervous system receives information for the internal environment

39
Q

what is stimulus

A

Stimulus- nervous system takes information through sense, it process the information and triggers reaction (eg: pain)

40
Q

what is receptors

A

Receptor- biological transducers covert energy from external and internal environment to electrical impulses.

41
Q

what is transmission

A

Transmission- neutrals transmission happens when a neuron is activated

42
Q

what is effectors

A

Effectors- causes effect of response to directions from the nervous system

43
Q

what is response

A

Response- change in the organism resulting from the detection of stimuli

44
Q

what is feedback

A

Feedback- physiological regulation system, works to return he body to its normal internal state

45
Q

what is spinal reflexes

A

-Most of our responses are processed by the brain, however some responses don’t actually involve the brain at all
-This is called spinal reflexes
-The central nervous system consist of the brain and spinal cord
-The central nervous system processes, interprets and stores incoming information from the peripheral nervous system
-The peripheral nervous system is comprised of all parts of the nervous system other than the brain and the spinal cord

46
Q

what is the central nervous system

A

-The central nervous system is the network of nerves and neurons that make up the brain and spinal cord
-The main role is to process information provided by the sensory systems and to generate appropriate actions

47
Q

what is the Central nervous system- brain

A

-The brain is a network of cells
-It process information received through nerve pathways and directs actions within the body
-Because of its role in overseeing almost everything we think, feel and dom it is sometimes called the masted organ

48
Q

what is the spial cord

A

-The pass sensory information form the peripheral nervous system back to the brain
-To pass information about movement from the brain to the peripheral nervous system so that actions occur
-Long colum of nerve tissue
-Extends from base of the brain
-Encased in backbone
-The bones are called vertebrae
-Links the brain to spinal cord
-Network of nerves that transmits information between the sense organs, muscles, glands and the central nervous system
-The peripheral nervous system is everything outside the brain and the spinal cord

49
Q

what is the Peripheral nervous system- somatic nervous system-muscles

A

The muscles
-has a sensory function and a motor function
-Contains nerves that transmit information from the receptor cells to the CNS
-Caries information from the CNS to muscles that control movement- voluntary actions

50
Q

what is the Peripheral nervous system- somatic nervous system- organs and glands

A

The organs and glands
-Links the CNS with internal organs and glands
-Called ‘autonomic’ because many glans are self regulating
-Controls heart rate, breathing, digestion, perspiration - involuntary actions
-The autonomic nervous system becomes involved when you experience an extreme emotions such as fear or anger.
-The changes that occur when you feel these emotions are not conscious

51
Q

what is the Peripheral nervous system- automatic nervous system

A

-Sympathetic division
-Arouses the body in response to threat or emergency
-Can be anything that is perceived as a threat- might not actually be a threat
-Fight or flight response
-An automatic reaction
-Arouses the body to enable you to either fight or flee in emergency situations
-Controlled bu the sympathetic nervous system

52
Q

what happens with the sympathetic division physically

A

-What happens?
Pupils dilate to improve vision
Heart rate increases, more blood to muscles
Digestion is slowed
Salivation ceases
Perspiration begins
Liver and fat cells release glucose
Adrenal gland is activated

53
Q

Peripheral nervous system- parasympathetic nervous system

A

-Dominant during quiet or restful periods
-Involved in maintenance of processes that conserve and protect bodily functions
-Helps your body maintain a steady internal state- homeostasis
-The PNS worlds to counterbalance the SNS.
-It helps the body return to normal after the threat has passed.
-It is the opposite of the SNS and works slower.
-The PNS and the SNS act together so that all responses are carried out smoothly.

Physiology (3 decks)

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