life span Flashcards
what is life span
-it is development psychology
-stages of people from conception to death
what are the different periods of developments
- infancy →birth -2 years
- early childhood→2-5 years
- adolescence→12-18 years
- early adulthood→18-40 years.
- Middle adulthood→40-60 years
- late adulthood→60+ years
what are the areas of development
- physical- changes in the body
- cognitive- change in mental ability Eg, memory, language skills, decision making.
- social- changes in relationships, the ability to react with others
- emotional- changes in your feelings and how you express them
what is quantitative changes
a change in the amount of thought feeling or behavior
what is Qualitative changes
change in quality, kind of type Eg: crawling to walking
what are the two different views of development
continuous and discontinuous
what is continuous development
- development is gradual and ongoing
- quantitative changes are continuous
-consider height- we gorw in very, very small amounts each day
what is discontinuous development
- development has distinct and separate stages that you progress
-qualitative changed are discontinuous
Advantages of cross-sectional research
- results can be collected quickly (ask each group at the same time)
- less likely that participants will withdraw from the research
cheap
Disadvantages to cross-sectional research
-it does not determine cause and effect
-cohort effects- people in the same age group may have been affected by a shared experience
what is Longitudinal research
-Research is repeated with the same people many times
-For example: at school we may investigate if students mathematics skills improve as they get older
-We could test this every two years (NAPLAN)
Advantages of Longitudinal research
It is possible to identify patterns over time
Observation of changes is more accurate than cross-sectional studies
disadvantages of Longitudinal research
Time consuming
Expensive
Participant drop out
what are the differences between cross sectional and longitudinal
cross section longitudinal
-1 point in time. -several paints in time
-different samples -same samples
-snapshot of given - change at the individual level
point in time Eg; british birth cohort studies
Eg: british social
atitudes survey
who is piaget
- Swiss psychologist know for his work on children development
what does piaget theories of development include
-Schema theory
-Accommodation vs. assimilation
-Four stages of cognitive development
schema are used to…
-Organise our knowledge
-To assist recall
-To guide our behaviour
-To predict likely happening
-To help us to make sense of current experiences
what is a schema
- Schemas are cognitive structures that are derived from prior experience and knowledge
-They set up expectations about what is probable in relation to particular scenarios
-Schemas are culturally specific but may vary even within a single culture because of such factors as class
what are the two ways we deal with new information
Accommodation
-When as existing schema is replaced
Assimilation
-When you add information to your schema
what are the stages of cognitive development
-Sensorimotor stage- birth to 2 years
-Preoperational stage- 2-7 years
-Concrete operational stage- 7-11 years
-Formal operational stage-12 and up
what is the sensorimotor stage
- piaget
-happens between birth to 2 years - children learn about the word around them through sensation and movement
-use basic actions like grasping, looking and listening
what is the reaction that happens between 1-4 months
Primary circular reaction-Begin to repeat pleasurable actions
what is the reaction that happens between 4-8 months
Secondary circular reactions-Intentionally repeat actions to trigger a response
what is the reaction that happens between 12-18 months
Tertiary circular reactions-Trial and error experimentation
what is objective permanence
the child understands that people and objects exist even when they can’t see them
what is goal directed behaviour
children realise specific actions have a result
what is the pre-operational stage
- piaget
- 2-7 years
-Children begin to think symbolically (objects can represent ideas)
-Begin to see imaginative play eg. pretending to be a teacher. Nurse, doctor etc.
-Child begins to think in more complex ways
what are key features of pre-operational stage
Egocentrism
Animism
Transformation
Centration
Reversibility
what is egocentrism
-Is a concept what children at this stage do not understand
-The child is only able of thinking about things on their own point of view
what is animism
-Is the belief that everything is alive and has feelings
-This is generally linked with egocentrism, and these children believes that everything feels exactly the same as themselves
what is transformation
-Is the understanding that things can change shape or form
-A child can understand that ice melts and turners into water but cannot explain why this occurs
what is centration
-A child can only focus on one quality at a time, at this stage do not understand
-Eg the child can only focus on the length of a group of objects, they cannot take into account the quantity and space
what is reversibility
-The ability to track an argument to its starting point
-This accomplishment develops in the later years of the preoperational stage
what is the formal operational stage
-12+ years
-Children can think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems
-More complex thought processes become evident and thinking becomes more sophisticated
-Individuals can think about moral, philosophical, ethical, political, issues, etc.
what are the key accomplishments in the formal operational stage
-Abstract thinking: a way of knowing what something is would literally seeing it “what is honesty”
-Logical thinking: individuals can develop plans to solve problems. Identify a range of possible solutions. Develop hypotheses and systematically test solution
what is the difference in piaget and eriksons theory
Where piaget looked at the cognitive development throughout the lifespan, erikson’s theory considers the psychosocial development
early childhood experiences are important in the development of
- social behaviour
-attachment
-social skills developed through early interactions
what did erikson belive
there are eight stages of psychosocial development and in each stage individuals faces a different psychosocial crisis
what is a psychosocial crisis
A psychosocial crisis is a social dilemma or problem an individual faces in adjustment to society
what is eriksons theory
individual psychological process + lifetime social experiences= psychosocial development
what does society pressure people to change
Society pressures individuals to make major changes to their thoughts, feeling and behaviour
what are the eight psychosocial crisis
- Autonomy vs shame/doubt
- Initiative vs guilt
-Industry vs inferiority
-Identity vs confusion - Intimacy vs isolation
-Generativity vs stagnation
-Integrity vs despair
what do you develop from 18 months-3 years
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
what do you develop at 3-5 years
Initiative vs guilt
what do you develop at 5-13 years
Industry vs inferiority
what do you develop at 13-21 years
Identity vs confusion
what do you develop from 21-39 years
Intimacy vs isolation
what do you develop from 40-65 years
Generativity vs stagnation
what do you develop 65 and over
Integrity vs despair
what are the 7 virtue developed
-hope
-will
-purpose
-fidelity
-love
-care
-wisdome
why is it important to pass all eight stages of eriksons theory
Successful resolution of each crisis should be in favour of positive characteristics
Eg: trust rather than mistrust
how do you come out of eriksons first stage trust vs mistrust
the infant needs to develop the right balance of trust and mistrust
what is trust
views and expectations about their world - infant can view world as predictable, safe, caring
and a happy place.
if the world is predictable for infants they can
anticipate reactions
Eriksons theory suggest when baby’s are hungry
the can rely on being fed which is trust
for an infant to grow into a person who is
trusting and trustworthy the quality of care the infant receives is important
for a baby to have trust they must also
have some knowledge of mistrust if healthy development is to occur
Erikson believed that under certain circumstances developing mistrust rather than trust can form
the basis…
of anti social behaviour in life
Sometimes a sense of trust can be lost …
later due to traumatic life experiences
Trust infants sets the stage for
a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and
pleasant place.
Erikson believed that successful attempts by infants to establish their…
independence during these
years contributes to a sense of autonomy 18 moths to 3 years
Autonomy refers to the ability to do things
independently and the feelings
of self control, self confidance self-reliance and competence which accompanies
this
Autonomy vs Shame or Doubt is based on the infant’s developing
motor and cognitive abilities
Infants are gaining more control over their bodies
If caregivers do for infant what they are capable of themselves then child feels
shame and doubt
According to Erikson, initiative involves
being able to plan, think for oneself and
carry out various kinds of activities with purpose
children in the initiative vs guild stage become aware of what
become aware of limits, what is acceptable, and about what is allowed
and what will be tolerated etc
children during the initiative vs guilt stage
Children at this age are very active and have a great deal of control over their bodies
children in the initiative vs guilt stage
Also become aware of rules, what is permitted, what is tolerated and what is
not…even questions you shouldn’t ask
for a child to leave the stage initiative vs guilt it depends on
caregivers and if they are going to leave this stage with guilt or initiative
According to Erikson, initiative involves
being industry
kidss in the industry vs inferiority are
(learning how things
are made, how they work, what they do), unless they are restricted by feelings
of inferiority or inadequacy
kids int he industry vs inferiority stage are ___ dependent
No longer depends solely on care-taking efforts of parents - school now plays a large part.
when children are praised they are
rewarded for
the results then their sense of industry is enhanced
Efforts which are seen as a __ in the industry adn inferiority stage seem
like making a mess/mischief helps to develop a sense of interiority
Erikson used the term identity to refer to…
general picture people have of themselfs
erikson believed that identity is
something all people seek and that the search for identity is a life long search.
the task for identity v identity confusion
for adolescents to use their cognitive abilities to bring
together all things they have learned about themselves in the many roles they have undertaken in
life.
Psychosocial crisis involves
developing a scene of intimacy
Failure to resolve the intimacy crisis…
results in avoiding interpersonal relationships and experiencing a sense of isolation
Intimacy refers to the ability
to share with and are about other person without fear of losing oneself in the process
what does isolation refer to
the sence of being alone without anyone to share life with or care for
during the stage of intimacy and isolation it becomes …
possible for the first time to engage in a truly intimate relationship with a person outside the family
Generativity refers to a person’s
concerns with others beyond their immediate familiy
People who achieve generatively
build their loves around doing things that help others,
Generatively can be achieve through
paid and unpaid work
being a parent
Integrity vs Despair comes…
at a time when most of a person’s life’s work is nearing completion and time for reflection
integrity refers to
a sense of satisfaction with ones achievements in life and a belief that all happened in the course of their life has been useful, valuable and meaningful
what did Erikson believe about despair
some despair is inevitable
