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Physiology > life span > Flashcards

life span Flashcards

1
Q

what is life span

A

-it is development psychology
-stages of people from conception to death

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2
Q

what are the different periods of developments

A
  • infancy →birth -2 years
  • early childhood→2-5 years
  • adolescence→12-18 years
  • early adulthood→18-40 years.
  • Middle adulthood→40-60 years
  • late adulthood→60+ years
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3
Q

what are the areas of development

A
  • physical- changes in the body
  • cognitive- change in mental ability Eg, memory, language skills, decision making.
  • social- changes in relationships, the ability to react with others
  • emotional- changes in your feelings and how you express them
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4
Q

what is quantitative changes

A

a change in the amount of thought feeling or behavior

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5
Q

what is Qualitative changes

A

change in quality, kind of type Eg: crawling to walking

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6
Q

what are the two different views of development

A

continuous and discontinuous

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7
Q

what is continuous development

A
  • development is gradual and ongoing
  • quantitative changes are continuous
    -consider height- we gorw in very, very small amounts each day
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8
Q

what is discontinuous development

A
  • development has distinct and separate stages that you progress
    -qualitative changed are discontinuous
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9
Q

Advantages of cross-sectional research

A
  • results can be collected quickly (ask each group at the same time)
  • less likely that participants will withdraw from the research
    cheap
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10
Q

Disadvantages to cross-sectional research

A

-it does not determine cause and effect
-cohort effects- people in the same age group may have been affected by a shared experience

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11
Q

what is Longitudinal research

A

-Research is repeated with the same people many times
-For example: at school we may investigate if students mathematics skills improve as they get older
-We could test this every two years (NAPLAN)

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12
Q

Advantages of Longitudinal research

A

It is possible to identify patterns over time
Observation of changes is more accurate than cross-sectional studies

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13
Q

disadvantages of Longitudinal research

A

Time consuming
Expensive
Participant drop out

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14
Q

what are the differences between cross sectional and longitudinal

A

cross section longitudinal
-1 point in time. -several paints in time
-different samples -same samples
-snapshot of given - change at the individual level
point in time Eg; british birth cohort studies
Eg: british social
atitudes survey

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15
Q

who is piaget

A
  • Swiss psychologist know for his work on children development
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16
Q

what does piaget theories of development include

A

-Schema theory
-Accommodation vs. assimilation
-Four stages of cognitive development

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17
Q

schema are used to…

A

-Organise our knowledge
-To assist recall
-To guide our behaviour
-To predict likely happening
-To help us to make sense of current experiences

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18
Q

what is a schema

A
  • Schemas are cognitive structures that are derived from prior experience and knowledge
    -They set up expectations about what is probable in relation to particular scenarios
    -Schemas are culturally specific but may vary even within a single culture because of such factors as class
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19
Q

what are the two ways we deal with new information

A

Accommodation
-When as existing schema is replaced
Assimilation
-When you add information to your schema

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20
Q

what are the stages of cognitive development

A

-Sensorimotor stage- birth to 2 years
-Preoperational stage- 2-7 years
-Concrete operational stage- 7-11 years
-Formal operational stage-12 and up

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21
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage

A
  • piaget
    -happens between birth to 2 years
  • children learn about the word around them through sensation and movement
    -use basic actions like grasping, looking and listening
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22
Q

what is the reaction that happens between 1-4 months

A

Primary circular reaction-Begin to repeat pleasurable actions

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23
Q

what is the reaction that happens between 4-8 months

A

Secondary circular reactions-Intentionally repeat actions to trigger a response

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24
Q

what is the reaction that happens between 12-18 months

A

Tertiary circular reactions-Trial and error experimentation

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25
Q

what is objective permanence

A

the child understands that people and objects exist even when they can’t see them

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26
Q

what is goal directed behaviour

A

children realise specific actions have a result

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27
Q

what is the pre-operational stage

A
  • piaget
  • 2-7 years
    -Children begin to think symbolically (objects can represent ideas)
    -Begin to see imaginative play eg. pretending to be a teacher. Nurse, doctor etc.
    -Child begins to think in more complex ways
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28
Q

what are key features of pre-operational stage

A

Egocentrism
Animism
Transformation
Centration
Reversibility

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29
Q

what is egocentrism

A

-Is a concept what children at this stage do not understand
-The child is only able of thinking about things on their own point of view

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30
Q

what is animism

A

-Is the belief that everything is alive and has feelings
-This is generally linked with egocentrism, and these children believes that everything feels exactly the same as themselves

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31
Q

what is transformation

A

-Is the understanding that things can change shape or form
-A child can understand that ice melts and turners into water but cannot explain why this occurs

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32
Q

what is centration

A

-A child can only focus on one quality at a time, at this stage do not understand
-Eg the child can only focus on the length of a group of objects, they cannot take into account the quantity and space

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33
Q

what is reversibility

A

-The ability to track an argument to its starting point
-This accomplishment develops in the later years of the preoperational stage

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34
Q

what is the formal operational stage

A

-12+ years
-Children can think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems
-More complex thought processes become evident and thinking becomes more sophisticated
-Individuals can think about moral, philosophical, ethical, political, issues, etc.

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35
Q

what are the key accomplishments in the formal operational stage

A

-Abstract thinking: a way of knowing what something is would literally seeing it “what is honesty”
-Logical thinking: individuals can develop plans to solve problems. Identify a range of possible solutions. Develop hypotheses and systematically test solution

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36
Q

what is the difference in piaget and eriksons theory

A

Where piaget looked at the cognitive development throughout the lifespan, erikson’s theory considers the psychosocial development

37
Q

early childhood experiences are important in the development of

A
  • social behaviour
    -attachment
    -social skills developed through early interactions
38
Q

what did erikson belive

A

there are eight stages of psychosocial development and in each stage individuals faces a different psychosocial crisis

39
Q

what is a psychosocial crisis

A

A psychosocial crisis is a social dilemma or problem an individual faces in adjustment to society

40
Q

what is eriksons theory

A

individual psychological process + lifetime social experiences= psychosocial development

41
Q

what does society pressure people to change

A

Society pressures individuals to make major changes to their thoughts, feeling and behaviour

42
Q

what are the eight psychosocial crisis

A
  • Autonomy vs shame/doubt
  • Initiative vs guilt
    -Industry vs inferiority
    -Identity vs confusion
  • Intimacy vs isolation
    -Generativity vs stagnation
    -Integrity vs despair
43
Q

what do you develop from 18 months-3 years

A

Autonomy vs shame/doubt

44
Q

what do you develop at 3-5 years

A

Initiative vs guilt

45
Q

what do you develop at 5-13 years

A

Industry vs inferiority

46
Q

what do you develop at 13-21 years

A

Identity vs confusion

47
Q

what do you develop from 21-39 years

A

Intimacy vs isolation

48
Q

what do you develop from 40-65 years

A

Generativity vs stagnation

49
Q

what do you develop 65 and over

A

Integrity vs despair

50
Q

what are the 7 virtue developed

A

-hope
-will
-purpose
-fidelity
-love
-care
-wisdome

51
Q

why is it important to pass all eight stages of eriksons theory

A

Successful resolution of each crisis should be in favour of positive characteristics
Eg: trust rather than mistrust

52
Q

how do you come out of eriksons first stage trust vs mistrust

A

the infant needs to develop the right balance of trust and mistrust

53
Q

what is trust

A

views and expectations about their world - infant can view world as predictable, safe, caring
and a happy place.

54
Q

if the world is predictable for infants they can

A

anticipate reactions

55
Q

Eriksons theory suggest when baby’s are hungry

A

the can rely on being fed which is trust

56
Q

for an infant to grow into a person who is

A

trusting and trustworthy the quality of care the infant receives is important

57
Q

for a baby to have trust they must also

A

have some knowledge of mistrust if healthy development is to occur

58
Q

Erikson believed that under certain circumstances developing mistrust rather than trust can form
the basis…

A

of anti social behaviour in life

59
Q

Sometimes a sense of trust can be lost …

A

later due to traumatic life experiences

60
Q

Trust infants sets the stage for

A

a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and
pleasant place.

61
Q

Erikson believed that successful attempts by infants to establish their…

A

independence during these
years contributes to a sense of autonomy 18 moths to 3 years

62
Q

Autonomy refers to the ability to do things

A

independently and the feelings
of self control, self confidance self-reliance and competence which accompanies
this

63
Q

Autonomy vs Shame or Doubt is based on the infant’s developing

A

motor and cognitive abilities
Infants are gaining more control over their bodies

64
Q

If caregivers do for infant what they are capable of themselves then child feels

A

shame and doubt

65
Q

According to Erikson, initiative involves

A

being able to plan, think for oneself and
carry out various kinds of activities with purpose

66
Q

children in the initiative vs guild stage become aware of what

A

become aware of limits, what is acceptable, and about what is allowed
and what will be tolerated etc

67
Q

children during the initiative vs guilt stage

A

Children at this age are very active and have a great deal of control over their bodies

68
Q

children in the initiative vs guilt stage

A

Also become aware of rules, what is permitted, what is tolerated and what is
not…even questions you shouldn’t ask

69
Q

for a child to leave the stage initiative vs guilt it depends on

A

caregivers and if they are going to leave this stage with guilt or initiative

70
Q

According to Erikson, initiative involves

A

being industry

71
Q

kidss in the industry vs inferiority are

A

(learning how things
are made, how they work, what they do), unless they are restricted by feelings
of inferiority or inadequacy

72
Q

kids int he industry vs inferiority stage are ___ dependent

A

No longer depends solely on care-taking efforts of parents - school now plays a large part.

73
Q

when children are praised they are

A

rewarded for
the results then their sense of industry is enhanced

74
Q

Efforts which are seen as a __ in the industry adn inferiority stage seem

A

like making a mess/mischief helps to develop a sense of interiority

75
Q

Erikson used the term identity to refer to…

A

general picture people have of themselfs

76
Q

erikson believed that identity is

A

something all people seek and that the search for identity is a life long search.

77
Q

the task for identity v identity confusion

A

for adolescents to use their cognitive abilities to bring
together all things they have learned about themselves in the many roles they have undertaken in
life.

78
Q

Psychosocial crisis involves

A

developing a scene of intimacy

79
Q

Failure to resolve the intimacy crisis…

A

results in avoiding interpersonal relationships and experiencing a sense of isolation

80
Q

Intimacy refers to the ability

A

to share with and are about other person without fear of losing oneself in the process

81
Q

what does isolation refer to

A

the sence of being alone without anyone to share life with or care for

82
Q

during the stage of intimacy and isolation it becomes …

A

possible for the first time to engage in a truly intimate relationship with a person outside the family

83
Q

Generativity refers to a person’s

A

concerns with others beyond their immediate familiy

84
Q

People who achieve generatively

A

build their loves around doing things that help others,

85
Q

Generatively can be achieve through

A

paid and unpaid work
being a parent

86
Q

Integrity vs Despair comes…

A

at a time when most of a person’s life’s work is nearing completion and time for reflection

87
Q

integrity refers to

A

a sense of satisfaction with ones achievements in life and a belief that all happened in the course of their life has been useful, valuable and meaningful

88
Q

what did Erikson believe about despair

A

some despair is inevitable

Physiology (3 decks)

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