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Educational Therapy > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG) and Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Measures the electrical and magnetic activity occurring in the brain during mental processing.
In EEG, multiple electrodes are attached to the scalp to record electrical signals in a computer.
In MEG, magnetic detectors are places around the head to record magnetic activity.
They record changes in brain activity that occur rapidly (1 ms). When a group of neurons responds to a specific event, they activate, and their electrical and magnetic activity can be detected.

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2
Q

Event-related potential (ERP)

A

Spikes of activity in mental processing, the response of a group of neurons to a specific event giving electric or magnetic activity to detect

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3
Q

Positron-Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Measures the amount of radiation present in brain regions.
The subject is injected with a radioactive solution that circulates to the brain. Brain regions of higher activity accumulate more radiation, which is picked up by a ring of detectors. A computer displays the concentration of radiation in a cross-sectional slice of the brain regions aligned with the detectors. The picture shows the more active areas in reds and yellows and the quieter areas in blues and greens.

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4
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Measures levels of deoxygenated hemoglobin in brain cells.
A part of the brain that is thinking requires more oxygen, which is carried to the brain cells by hemoglobin. The fMRI uses a large magnet to compare the amount of oxygenated hemoglobin entering the brain cells with the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin leaving the cells. The computer colors in the brain regions receiving more oxygenated blood and located the activated brain region to within one cm.

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5
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (fMRS)

A

Measures levels of specific chemicals present during brain activity.
This technology involves the same equipment as fMRA but uses different computer software to record levels of various chemicals in the brain while the subject is thinking. fMRS can not only precisely pinpoint the area of activity, but it can also identify whether certain key chemicals are present at the activation site.

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6
Q

The Action Research Cycle

A
  1. Identify or redefine the problem
  2. Collect appropriate data
  3. Analyze data
  4. Report results
  5. Take action based on results of data
  6. Evaluate and reflect
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7
Q

Lobes of the Brain

A

Frontal Lobes (Prefrontal cortex and Frontal Lobe)
Temporal Lobes
Occipital Lobes
Parietal Lobes

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8
Q

Limbic System

A

Above the brain stem, below the cerebrum
called old mammalian brain
all components interact with other areas, and structures duplicated in each hemisphere, interplay of emotion and reason, important to learning and memory
1. Amygdala
2. Hypothalamus
3. Thalamus
4. Hippocampus

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9
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Executive control center
Planning and Thinking
Rationality, Monitoring higher-order thinking, directing problem solving
Regulating the excesses of the emotional system

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10
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Right behind the forehead
Prefrontal cortex plus:
self-will area- personality
working memory
focus
It mature slowly into early adulthood

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11
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Above the ears
Sound, music, face and object recognition
Parts of long-term memory
speech centers on left side only

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12
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

Visual processing
Perceiving shapes and colors

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13
Q

Parietal Lobes

A

Integrate sensory information
spatial orientations

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14
Q

Motor Cortex

A

front band on top of the brain from ear to ear
body movement
coordinates with cerebellum learning of motor skills

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15
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Processes touch signals received from various parts of the body

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16
Q

Brain Stem

A

Oldest, deepest area of brain, referred to as the reptilian brain
11/12 body nerves that go to the brain
vita body functions: heartbeat, respiration, body temperature, and digestion are monitored and controlled
houses the reticular activating system (RAS) - brain’s alterness

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17
Q

Thalamus

A

“inner chamber” all incoming sensory information except smell arrives here and is directed to other parts of the brain for additional processing. Cerebrum and cerebellum also send signals here, involved in cognitive activities including memory

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18
Q

Hippocampus

A

“sea horse”, near the base of the limbic area
consolidates learning, converts information from working memory via electric signals to the long-term storage regions. Checks information from working memory and compares it to stored experiences- essential process for the creation of meaning
Recall of facts, objects, and places
Capacity to undergo neurogenesis

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19
Q

Amygdala

A

“almond”, attached to the end of the hippocampus
emotions, especially fear
regulates interactions with the environment that can affect survival (attack, escape, mate or eat)
Encodes an emotional message if one is present whenever a memory is tagged for long-term storage.

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20
Q

Cerebrum

A

Soft- jellylike mass, largest area housing the cerebral hemispheres divided by one large sulcus
Surface is pale gray, wrinkled
Composed of six layers of cells meshed in about 10,000 miles of connecting fibers, brain’s gray matter
thinking, memory, speech, and muscular movement are controlled by areas here

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21
Q

Fissures

A

deep furrows in cerebrum

22
Q

Sulci (singular: sulcus)

A

shallow furrow in cerebrum

23
Q

Gyri (singular: gyrus)

A

raised folds in cerebros

24
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

“large body” thick cable bridge of more than 200 million nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres used to communicate with each other and coordinate activities.

25
Q

Cortex

A

“tree bark” thin but tough laminated covering of the hemispheres, rich in cells, one tenth of an inch thick, because of fold has a surface area of about two square feet.

26
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain” two-hemisphere structure located just below the rear part of the cerebrum, right behind the brain stem
deeply folder, highly organized, contains more neurons than all of the rest of the brain put together
surface area is the same as one of the hemispheres
coordinates movement
monitors impulses from nerve ending in the muscles
performance and timing complex motor tasks
stores the memory of automated movement
support structure in cognitive processing by coordinating and fine-tuning our thoughts, emotions, senses (especially touch) and memories
connected to regions that perform mental and sensory tasks, automatically unconscious tasks
enlarges cognitive scope

27
Q

two known types of brain cells

A

nerve cells (neurons)
glial cells

28
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

29
Q

glial cells

A

“glue” hold neurons together and act as filters to keep harmful substances out of the neurons

30
Q

astrocytes

A

star-shapes glial cells, regulate the rate of neuron signaling
attach to blood vessels, serve to form the blood-brain barrier, protects brain cells from blood-borne substances that could disrupt cellular activity

31
Q

dentrites

A

“tree” branches emerging from the core of the neuron (10,000+) that receive electrical impulses from other neurons and transmit them along the axon

32
Q

axon

A

“axis” long fiber in neuron (normally one each)

33
Q

myelin sheath

A

layer surrounding each axon that insulates the axon from other cells, prevents electrical charge from leaking to environment, increases speed of impulse transmission

34
Q

synapse

A

“to join together” small gap (25 millionths of a mm) between neurons

35
Q

spines

A

tiny bumps covering the dentrites that collect signals from its neighbors

36
Q

impulses

A

spikes of electrical activity sent out by neurons

37
Q

presynaptic terminal

A

end of axon at the synapse

38
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

sacs storing chemicals carried at the end of the axon

39
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals at the brain that move across the synaptic gap and either excite or inhibited the end of the neighboring neuron

40
Q

postsynaptic terminal

A

the end of the neighboring neuron that receives the neurotransmitters

41
Q

acetylcholine

A

affects learning, movement, memory, and REM sleep

42
Q

epinephrine

A

affects metabolism of glucose, release of energy during exercise

43
Q

serotonin

A

affects sleep, impulsivity, mood, appetite, and aggression

44
Q

glutamate

A

predominantly affects learning and emotion

45
Q

endorphins

A

relief from pain, feelings of well-being and pleasure

46
Q

dopamine

A

affects movement, attention, learning, pleasure and reinforcement

47
Q

soma

A

neuron cell body

48
Q

mirror neurons

A

set of nuerons that fired both when performing an action and when observing similar action

49
Q

apoptosis

A

synaptic pruning
purposeful destruction of neurons genetically programmed to ensure that only those neurons that have made connections are preserved and to prevent the brain from being overcrowded with unconnected cells

50
Q

plasticity

A

neuroplasticity- ability of the brain to continually change during our lifetime in subtle ways as a result of experience

Educational Therapy (2 decks)

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