Neuroradiology Flashcards
simple x-ray image of a body part, taken from an anterior, posterior, lateral, or oblique projection.
plain film
combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles around your body and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images (slices) of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body
ct
scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body
mri
examination by X-ray of blood or lymph vessels, carried out after introduction of a radiopaque substance
angiography
radiography of a vein after injection of a radiopaque fluid
venography
imaging examination that involves the introduction of a spinal needle into the spinal canal and the injection of contrast material in the space around the spinal cord and nerve roots (the subarachnoid space) using a real-time form of x-ray called fluoroscopy
myelography
an examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of a disease
biopsy
uses very small amounts of radioactive materials, or radiopharmaceuticals, to examine organ function and structure
nuclear medicine
creatine role in nervous system
concentrates in the brain. It is an important component of the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system that plays an important role in the metabolic networks of the brain and central nervous system and is involved in many of the brain’s functions
creatine is found in
meat
reduction of the intensity of an x-ray beam as it traverses matter
attenuation
hyperattenuating
attenuates more than normally i.e. in bone
seen in
- calcification, but may also be due to iodine, barium, or radiopaque foreign bodies.
hypoattenuation
attenuates less than normally i.e. gray and white matter
seen in
- ischemia
- basal ganglia indicates an early ischemic stroke
isoattenuating
attenuates same extent as the background tissue
it does not show up on an X-ray image
hyperintensities
refer to areas of high intensity (brighter) on types of magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain of a human or of another mammal that reflect lesions produced largely by demyelination and axonal loss
hypointense
refer to areas of low intensity (darker) on types of magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain of a human or of another mammal that reflect lesions such as multiple sclerosis
(longitudinal relaxation time) is the time constant which determines the rate at which excited protons return to equilibrium. It is a measure of the time taken for spinning protons to realign with the external magnetic field
T1
(transverse relaxation time) is the time constant which determines the rate at which excited protons reach equilibrium or go out of phase with each other. It is a measure of the time taken for spinning protons to lose phase coherence among the nuclei spinning perpendicular to the main field
T2
in T2 mri hemorrhages and hemosiderin deposits become
hypointense
FLAIR
Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery is an MRI sequence with an inversion recovery set to null fluids. For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid effects on the image, so as to bring out the periventricular hyperintense lesions, such as multiple sclerosis plaques.
treatment to dissolve dangerous clots in blood vessels, improve blood flow, and prevent damage to tissues and organs
thrombolysis
thrombolysis intravenous and intra-arterial treatment
intravenous - 3 hours long
intra-arterial - 6 hours in internal carotid artery
24 hours in basilar territory
serious bacterial infection that affects the mastoid bone behind the ear. It’s more common in children
mastoiditis
most aggressive type of cancer that begins within the brain. Initially, signs and symptoms are nonspecific. They may include headaches, personality changes, nausea and symptoms similar to those of a stroke.
glioblastoma (GBM)
40% of intracranial neoplasms are
metastatic
the most common primary tumors to metastasize to the brain
from most common to least
- lung
- breast
- melanoma
- renal
- colon cancers
is an age-related condition that happens when one or more of the discs between the vertebrae of the spinal column deteriorates or breaks down, leading to pain. There may be weakness, numbness, and pain that radiates down the leg.
degenerative disc disease
between dura matter and arachnoid
subdural hemmorhage (hematoma)
veins in the subarachnoid space that puncture the dura mater and empty into the dural venous sinuses
bridging veins (cerebral veins)
causes subdural hemmorhage
sudden movements such as deceleration or rotation cause rupture and bleeding of bridging veins between subarachnoid matter and dura matter
patients effected by subdural haemorrhage include
- old people
- alcoholics
- epileptics
- long term use of anticoagulants
spread of blood in subdural hematomas
- gradual spread of blood has lots of space therefore lots of time to spread due to the fact that the two layers (subarachnoid matter and dura matter ) are not tightly bound
symptoms of subdural hematomas include
symptoms are insidious include unexplained fluctuating levels of consciousness
loose hemorrage crescent shape
subdural hemmorhage
no pressure hematoma
subdural hematoma
between skull and dura matter
epidural hemmorhage
lens shape bi-convex well localised hemmorhage
epidural hematoma
what creates the shape of the epidural hematoma
in-between the skull bones there is sutural ligaments that attach to the dura matter tightly so the blood cannot escape to other side causing tension creating cresent shape of hematoma
pressure hematoma
epidural hematoma
burr hole mainly used in
subdural
subarachnoid hepatoma spread well due to
mixing with csf
symptoms of subarachnoid hematoma
- sudden severe headache
- stiff neck.
- feeling and being sick.
- sensitivity to light (photophobia)
- blurred or double vision.
- stroke-like symptoms – such as slurred speech and
weakness on one side of the body.
rbcs in lumbar puncture
subarachnoid hematoma
80% of subarachnoid hematoma cases are caused by
spontaneous hemmorage rupture berry like shapes in circle of willis
arteriovenous malformations congenital
congenital disorder (present from birth) characterized by a complex, tangled web of arteries and veins in which there is a short circuit and high pressure due to arterial blood flowing rapidly in the veins. An AVM may occur in the brain, brainstem or spinal cord.
cause hemmorhage in subarachnoid space
most common and least common hematomas
subdural
epidural
subarachnoid
