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MSC > Neuroradiology > Flashcards

Neuroradiology Flashcards

1
Q

simple x-ray image of a body part, taken from an anterior, posterior, lateral, or oblique projection.

A

plain film

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2
Q

combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles around your body and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images (slices) of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body

A

ct

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3
Q

scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body

A

mri

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4
Q

examination by X-ray of blood or lymph vessels, carried out after introduction of a radiopaque substance

A

angiography

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5
Q

radiography of a vein after injection of a radiopaque fluid

A

venography

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6
Q

imaging examination that involves the introduction of a spinal needle into the spinal canal and the injection of contrast material in the space around the spinal cord and nerve roots (the subarachnoid space) using a real-time form of x-ray called fluoroscopy

A

myelography

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7
Q

an examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of a disease

A

biopsy

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8
Q

uses very small amounts of radioactive materials, or radiopharmaceuticals, to examine organ function and structure

A

nuclear medicine

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9
Q

creatine role in nervous system

A

concentrates in the brain. It is an important component of the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system that plays an important role in the metabolic networks of the brain and central nervous system and is involved in many of the brain’s functions

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10
Q

creatine is found in

A

meat

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11
Q

reduction of the intensity of an x-ray beam as it traverses matter

A

attenuation

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12
Q

hyperattenuating

A

attenuates more than normally i.e. in bone

seen in
- calcification, but may also be due to iodine, barium, or radiopaque foreign bodies.

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13
Q

hypoattenuation

A

attenuates less than normally i.e. gray and white matter

seen in

  • ischemia
  • basal ganglia indicates an early ischemic stroke
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14
Q

isoattenuating

A

attenuates same extent as the background tissue

it does not show up on an X-ray image

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15
Q

hyperintensities

A

refer to areas of high intensity (brighter) on types of magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain of a human or of another mammal that reflect lesions produced largely by demyelination and axonal loss

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16
Q

hypointense

A

refer to areas of low intensity (darker) on types of magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain of a human or of another mammal that reflect lesions such as multiple sclerosis

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17
Q

(longitudinal relaxation time) is the time constant which determines the rate at which excited protons return to equilibrium. It is a measure of the time taken for spinning protons to realign with the external magnetic field

A

T1

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18
Q

(transverse relaxation time) is the time constant which determines the rate at which excited protons reach equilibrium or go out of phase with each other. It is a measure of the time taken for spinning protons to lose phase coherence among the nuclei spinning perpendicular to the main field

A

T2

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19
Q

in T2 mri hemorrhages and hemosiderin deposits become

A

hypointense

20
Q

FLAIR

A

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery is an MRI sequence with an inversion recovery set to null fluids. For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid effects on the image, so as to bring out the periventricular hyperintense lesions, such as multiple sclerosis plaques.

21
Q

treatment to dissolve dangerous clots in blood vessels, improve blood flow, and prevent damage to tissues and organs

A

thrombolysis

22
Q

thrombolysis intravenous and intra-arterial treatment

A

intravenous - 3 hours long
intra-arterial - 6 hours in internal carotid artery
24 hours in basilar territory

23
Q

serious bacterial infection that affects the mastoid bone behind the ear. It’s more common in children

A

mastoiditis

24
Q

most aggressive type of cancer that begins within the brain. Initially, signs and symptoms are nonspecific. They may include headaches, personality changes, nausea and symptoms similar to those of a stroke.

A

glioblastoma (GBM)

25
Q

40% of intracranial neoplasms are

A

metastatic

26
Q

the most common primary tumors to metastasize to the brain

A

from most common to least

  • lung
  • breast
  • melanoma
  • renal
  • colon cancers
27
Q

is an age-related condition that happens when one or more of the discs between the vertebrae of the spinal column deteriorates or breaks down, leading to pain. There may be weakness, numbness, and pain that radiates down the leg.

A

degenerative disc disease

28
Q

between dura matter and arachnoid

A

subdural hemmorhage (hematoma)

29
Q

veins in the subarachnoid space that puncture the dura mater and empty into the dural venous sinuses

A

bridging veins (cerebral veins)

30
Q

causes subdural hemmorhage

A

sudden movements such as deceleration or rotation cause rupture and bleeding of bridging veins between subarachnoid matter and dura matter

31
Q

patients effected by subdural haemorrhage include

A
  • old people
  • alcoholics
  • epileptics
  • long term use of anticoagulants
32
Q

spread of blood in subdural hematomas

A
  • gradual spread of blood has lots of space therefore lots of time to spread due to the fact that the two layers (subarachnoid matter and dura matter ) are not tightly bound
33
Q

symptoms of subdural hematomas include

A

symptoms are insidious include unexplained fluctuating levels of consciousness

34
Q

loose hemorrage crescent shape

A

subdural hemmorhage

35
Q

no pressure hematoma

A

subdural hematoma

36
Q

between skull and dura matter

A

epidural hemmorhage

37
Q

lens shape bi-convex well localised hemmorhage

A

epidural hematoma

38
Q

what creates the shape of the epidural hematoma

A

in-between the skull bones there is sutural ligaments that attach to the dura matter tightly so the blood cannot escape to other side causing tension creating cresent shape of hematoma

39
Q

pressure hematoma

A

epidural hematoma

40
Q

burr hole mainly used in

A

subdural

41
Q

subarachnoid hepatoma spread well due to

A

mixing with csf

42
Q

symptoms of subarachnoid hematoma

A
  • sudden severe headache
  • stiff neck.
  • feeling and being sick.
  • sensitivity to light (photophobia)
  • blurred or double vision.
  • stroke-like symptoms – such as slurred speech and
    weakness on one side of the body.
43
Q

rbcs in lumbar puncture

A

subarachnoid hematoma

44
Q

80% of subarachnoid hematoma cases are caused by

A

spontaneous hemmorage rupture berry like shapes in circle of willis

45
Q

arteriovenous malformations congenital

A

congenital disorder (present from birth) characterized by a complex, tangled web of arteries and veins in which there is a short circuit and high pressure due to arterial blood flowing rapidly in the veins. An AVM may occur in the brain, brainstem or spinal cord.

cause hemmorhage in subarachnoid space

46
Q

most common and least common hematomas

A

subdural
epidural
subarachnoid

MSC (6 decks)

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