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MSC > Memory & Speech > Flashcards

Memory & Speech Flashcards

1
Q

stages of memory

A
  1. reception of sensory information
  2. formation of memory trace
  3. consolidation of memory trace
  4. recall of memory trace (or retrieval)

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2
Q

occurs in the sensory cortex

A

reception and interpretation of sensory information

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3
Q

chemical change in tissue that represents formation of a memory

A

formation of memory trace

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4
Q

formation of memory trace happens in which tissues

A

they are located in several regions and other cortical areas, prefrontal, limbic system, cerebellum and the temporal lobe

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5
Q

memory can be erased in both of these stages

A

reception and formation of memory trace

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6
Q

The process by which the information is stored and become resistant to erasing

A

consolidation

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7
Q

how long does consolidation take and involving what kind of synthesis

A

process needs at least 5-10 minutes and it involves protein synthesis in neurons

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8
Q

occurs in the hippocampus and its connections

A

consolidation

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9
Q

dependent on “repetition”

A

consolidation

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10
Q

related to: gene expression, protein synthesis and
hypertrophy of synaptic plates

A

consolidation

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11
Q

the process by which the stored information are called back by one of the following mechanisms

A

recall

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12
Q

classification of types of memory is divided into

A

duration of memory retention and type of information

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13
Q

classification of according to duration is divided into

A
  • immediate / sensory
  • primary ( short term, recent or working )
  • secondary ( long term or remote ) memory
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14
Q

its duration is less than one second either fades away or changes into primary or secondary memory

A

immediate or sensory memory

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15
Q

lasts for few minutes, develops from the sensory memory
maximum “nine items” can be stored
 reading the phone number and dial”


A

primary ( short term, recent or working )

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16
Q

related to hippocampus and parahippocampal regions reverberating circuits

A

primary ( short term, recent or working )

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17
Q

capacity of the brain for this time of memory is small, but its recall is rapid (working memory)

A

primary ( short term, recent or working )

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18
Q

It lasts for long times (up to several years) can not be erased

A

secondary ( long term or remote ) memory

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19
Q

does the hippocampus store information

A

no it is essential for process of consolidation

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20
Q

classification according to type of memory

A
  • declarative (explicit)

- nondeclarative (implicit) = reflex memory

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21
Q

memory of conscious awareness stored generally in the hippocampus and the medial temporal lobe

A

declarative explicit recognition memory

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22
Q

not associated with awareness

A
  • nondeclarative (implicit) = reflex memory
23
Q

does not involve processing in the hippocampus involves the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are

A
  • nondeclarative (implicit) = reflex memory
24
Q

includes skills, habits, and conditioned reflexes

A
  • nondeclarative (implicit) = reflex memory
25
Q

declarative explicit memory can be divide into

A

semantics (facts) and episodic (events)

26
Q

semantics are associated with which part of the brain

A

lateral and anterior temporal cortex and prefrontal cortex

27
Q

episodic are associated with which part of the brain

A

hippocampus medial temporal lobe

28
Q

nondeclarative/implicity memory is divided into

A
  • procedural skills - priming and perceptual
  • associative learning (classical conditioning)
  • non associative learning habituation and sensitisation
29
Q

procedural skills are associated with which part of the brain

A

striatum cerebellum and motor cortex

30
Q

priming and perceptual are associated with which part of the brain

A

neocortex

31
Q

associative learning (classical conditioning) is associated with which part of the brain

A

amygdala and cerebellum

32
Q

non associative learning habituation and sensitisation is associated with which part of the cns

A

reflex pathways

33
Q

inability to recall memories from the past, specially the recent events (i.e. before consolidation of the memory trace).

A

retrograde amnesia

34
Q

may occur following brain trauma or electroshock long-term memory formation is generally intact

A

retrograde amnesia

35
Q

inability to form new long-term memories (but the already stored are intact)

A

anterograde amnesia

36
Q

may occur following a lesion in temporal structures (esp. in hippocampus). New memory formation is impaired.

A

anterograde amnesia

37
Q

hippocampus role in memory formation

A

formation of long term memory (consolidation)

38
Q

amygdala role in memory formation

A

encodes emotions related to memory

39
Q

temporal lobe role in memory formation

A

interpretation of surroundings as familiar or not

40
Q

lesions in hippocampus results in

A

alzheimers disease failure to form new long term memory

41
Q

lesions in temporal lobe results in

A

lesions may result in deja vu (familiar feeling in strange place) or jamais vu (feeling strange in familiar places)

42
Q

part of the cerebral cortex that is involved in higher functions such as conscious thoughts and language

A

neocortex

43
Q

main function of the neocortex is

A

perception of auditory and visual information related to language, integration, processing and formation of comprehensive commands of language

44
Q

centers involved in language

A

wernicke and broucas area located in superior temoprus gyrus and inferior end of primary cortex

45
Q

aphasia

A

loss of ability to understand or express speech caused by brain damage

46
Q

fluent aphasia ( sensory aphasia ) due to

A

lesions in wernickes area

47
Q

non-fluent aphasia ( motor aphasia ) due to

A

lesions in brocas area

48
Q

anomic aphasia due to

A

lesions in the angular gyrus

49
Q

conduction aphasia ( fluent ) due to

A

lesions in and around the auditory cortex

50
Q

memory traces occur at all levels of the nervous system

A

true

51
Q

most memories are based on memory traces

A

true

52
Q

memory traces can be selectively activated by thinking to produce memories

A

true

53
Q

changing the basic sensitivity of synaptic transmission

new or facilitated pathways are called

A

memory traces

MSC (6 decks)

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