Memory & Speech Flashcards
stages of memory
- reception of sensory information
- formation of memory trace
- consolidation of memory trace
- recall of memory trace (or retrieval)
occurs in the sensory cortex
reception and interpretation of sensory information
chemical change in tissue that represents formation of a memory
formation of memory trace
formation of memory trace happens in which tissues
they are located in several regions and other cortical areas, prefrontal, limbic system, cerebellum and the temporal lobe
memory can be erased in both of these stages
reception and formation of memory trace
The process by which the information is stored and become resistant to erasing
consolidation
how long does consolidation take and involving what kind of synthesis
process needs at least 5-10 minutes and it involves protein synthesis in neurons
occurs in the hippocampus and its connections
consolidation
dependent on “repetition”
consolidation
related to: gene expression, protein synthesis and hypertrophy of synaptic plates
consolidation
the process by which the stored information are called back by one of the following mechanisms
recall
classification of types of memory is divided into
duration of memory retention and type of information
classification of according to duration is divided into
- immediate / sensory
- primary ( short term, recent or working )
- secondary ( long term or remote ) memory
its duration is less than one second either fades away or changes into primary or secondary memory
immediate or sensory memory
lasts for few minutes, develops from the sensory memory maximum “nine items” can be stored reading the phone number and dial”
primary ( short term, recent or working )
related to hippocampus and parahippocampal regions reverberating circuits
primary ( short term, recent or working )
capacity of the brain for this time of memory is small, but its recall is rapid (working memory)
primary ( short term, recent or working )
It lasts for long times (up to several years) can not be erased
secondary ( long term or remote ) memory
does the hippocampus store information
no it is essential for process of consolidation
classification according to type of memory
- declarative (explicit)
- nondeclarative (implicit) = reflex memory
memory of conscious awareness stored generally in the hippocampus and the medial temporal lobe
declarative explicit recognition memory
not associated with awareness
- nondeclarative (implicit) = reflex memory
does not involve processing in the hippocampus involves the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are
- nondeclarative (implicit) = reflex memory
includes skills, habits, and conditioned reflexes
- nondeclarative (implicit) = reflex memory
declarative explicit memory can be divide into
semantics (facts) and episodic (events)
semantics are associated with which part of the brain
lateral and anterior temporal cortex and prefrontal cortex
episodic are associated with which part of the brain
hippocampus medial temporal lobe
nondeclarative/implicity memory is divided into
- procedural skills - priming and perceptual
- associative learning (classical conditioning)
- non associative learning habituation and sensitisation
procedural skills are associated with which part of the brain
striatum cerebellum and motor cortex
priming and perceptual are associated with which part of the brain
neocortex
associative learning (classical conditioning) is associated with which part of the brain
amygdala and cerebellum
non associative learning habituation and sensitisation is associated with which part of the cns
reflex pathways
inability to recall memories from the past, specially the recent events (i.e. before consolidation of the memory trace).
retrograde amnesia
may occur following brain trauma or electroshock long-term memory formation is generally intact
retrograde amnesia
inability to form new long-term memories (but the already stored are intact)
anterograde amnesia
may occur following a lesion in temporal structures (esp. in hippocampus). New memory formation is impaired.
anterograde amnesia
hippocampus role in memory formation
formation of long term memory (consolidation)
amygdala role in memory formation
encodes emotions related to memory
temporal lobe role in memory formation
interpretation of surroundings as familiar or not
lesions in hippocampus results in
alzheimers disease failure to form new long term memory
lesions in temporal lobe results in
lesions may result in deja vu (familiar feeling in strange place) or jamais vu (feeling strange in familiar places)
part of the cerebral cortex that is involved in higher functions such as conscious thoughts and language
neocortex
main function of the neocortex is
perception of auditory and visual information related to language, integration, processing and formation of comprehensive commands of language
centers involved in language
wernicke and broucas area located in superior temoprus gyrus and inferior end of primary cortex
aphasia
loss of ability to understand or express speech caused by brain damage
fluent aphasia ( sensory aphasia ) due to
lesions in wernickes area
non-fluent aphasia ( motor aphasia ) due to
lesions in brocas area
anomic aphasia due to
lesions in the angular gyrus
conduction aphasia ( fluent ) due to
lesions in and around the auditory cortex
memory traces occur at all levels of the nervous system
true
most memories are based on memory traces
true
memory traces can be selectively activated by thinking to produce memories
true
changing the basic sensitivity of synaptic transmission
new or facilitated pathways are called
memory traces
