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PSYC105 > Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Lectures 1-2 > Flashcards

Neuropsychology and Neuroscience Lectures 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major systems of the brain?

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What is the Central Nervous System? CNS

A

The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind. It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord.

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3
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System? PNS

A

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the division of the nervous system containing all the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous system (CNS). The primary role of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin.

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the central nervous system?

A

The Brain and the Spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the two systems of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System

2. Autonomic Nervous System

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6
Q

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic division (Increase/arousal for action) and the Parasympathetic Division (Dampen, rest, return)

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7
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System?

A

Associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles. Motor nerves to muscles and sensory nerves from body; the cranial and spinal nerves.

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8
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

The part of the nervous system that supplies the internal organs, including the blood vessels, stomach, intestine, liver, kidneys, bladder, genitals, lungs, pupils, heart, and sweat, salivary, and digestive glands. AKA Relatively autonomous actions of internal organs and glands.

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9
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

The behavioural and cognitive characteristics associated with brain function and especially disfunction in animals and especially humans. With a goal to understand humans learning key issues from both human and animal research

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10
Q

What are neurological and Neuro-Psychiatric disorders?

A

Neuropsychiatric disorder encompasses a broad range of medical conditions that involve both neurology and psychiatry. Common neuropsychiatric disorders include: seizures. attention deficit disorders. cognitive deficit disorders.

Neurological disorders are diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

How prevalent are brain injury/ degenerative disorders?

A

5%

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12
Q

What does MDMA/Synthetic methanphetamine cause?

A

Loss or dysfunction of the terminals of neurons that release the neurochemical seratonin

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13
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

the ability of the brain to form and reorganize synaptic connections, especially in response to learning or experience or following injury. Offers real hope for stroke victims ect

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14
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The ability of the brain to form and reorganize synaptic connections, especially in response to learning or experience or following injury. Offers real hope for stroke victims ect

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15
Q

True or False? There are productions of new brain neurons in some regions of the adult brain

A

True

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16
Q

True or False? The external environment does not influence brain neurons

A

False

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17
Q

What does the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) do?

A

Creates ‘live’ images of soft tissue, such as the brain using minute signals produced by brief changes in the behaviour of hydrogen H nuclei in the abundant water of brain tissue

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18
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

While the primary function of CSF is to cushion the brain within the skull and serve as a shock absorber for the central nervous system, CSF also circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood and removes waste products from the brain.

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19
Q

What is dementia?

A

Loss of independent everyday function and impaired thoughts and decision making

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20
Q

True or False? Dementia involves the loss of brain tissue and increased ventricles

A

True

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21
Q

What are lesions?

A

A lesion is any damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism, usually caused by disease or trauma.

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22
Q

What is diffusion MRI?

A

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is the use of specific MRI sequences as well as software that generates images from the resulting data that uses the diffusion of water molecules to generate contrast in MR images.

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23
Q

What is the white-matter disorder?

A

White matter disease is the wearing away of tissue in the largest and deepest part of your brain that has a number of causes, including aging.

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24
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease and how is it caused?

A

Parkinson’s disease is caused by a loss of nerve cells in the part of the brain called the substantia nigra. Nerve cells in this part of the brain are responsible for producing a chemical called dopamine. “Movement Disorder”

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25
Q

What is Functional MRI?

A

Measures changes in neural activity (every 2-3 seconds) by using pulse and gradient tweaks sensitive to the level of oxygenated blood in the brain

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26
Q

Oxygenated blood is sensitive to what?

A

Magnetic fields

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27
Q

What is the working memory?

A

Working memory is a system for temporarily storing and managing the information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension

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28
Q

What is fMRI?

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures the small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activity. … fMRI may detect abnormalities within the brain that cannot be found with other imaging techniques.

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29
Q

What is the brains “Default Mode Network”?

A

a large scale brain network of interacting brain regions known to have activity highly correlated with each other and distinct from other networks in the brain.

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30
Q

What are neutrons?

A

They process information and transmit it from one place to another

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31
Q

What are Glial cells?

A

They support and keep neutrons healthy in diverse ways

32
Q

How many cells does the human brain have?

A

170 billion cells where roughly half are neurons and half are cells

33
Q

What is the purkinje cell?

A

These cells are remarkable and recognised for their massive, branched, flat dendritic trees, which give them the ability to integrate large amounts of information and to learn by remodeling their dendrites.

34
Q

What is the spiny cell?

A

They play a key role in initiating and controlling movements of the body, limbs, and eyes.

35
Q

What is the pyramidal neuron?

A

A type of multipolar neuron found in areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala.

36
Q

What are dentrites?

A

A short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

37
Q

What is a dentrite tree?

A

The term dendritic tree refers to the branching out of the nerve fibers at the end of a neuron. Dendrites are the branch-like structures of neurons that extend from the cell body (the soma). The dendrites receive neural impulses (electrical and chemical signals) from the axons of other neurons.

38
Q

True or False? Brain cells are randomly arranged

A

False, they are not randomly arranged

39
Q

What is the arch of the brain?

A

The fornit

40
Q

What is the seahorse of the brain?

A

The hippocampus

41
Q

What is the Almond of the brain?

A

The amygdala

42
Q

What is the X of the brain?

A

The chiasm

43
Q

What are the breasts of the brain?

A

The mammilary bodies

44
Q

What is the bridge of the brain

A

The Pons

45
Q

What are the pyramids of the brain?

A

The medulla

46
Q

Severe alcohol abuse can shrink what?

A

Your mammillary bodies

47
Q

What are synaptic connections?

A

In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.

48
Q

True or False? The more the synaptic connections the better

A

True although there still needs to be an equilibrium. Aka there cant be too many.

49
Q

What are axons?

A

The long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

50
Q

Damage to the mammillo thalamic Tract or MTT after stroke in humans is the most consistent thalamic injury asscociated with what?

A

Amnesia

51
Q

What are the 5 main divisions of the brain?

A 
TDMMM. 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
52
Q

What is an easy way/acronym to remember the 5 main divisions of the brain?

A

Tell Dianne a Messenger Met My elephant

Aka. TDMMM

53
Q

Brain development starts as a what?

A

A Neutral tube with three parts that grow differently in size

54
Q

What are the 3 bulges of the initial neutral tube?

A

The Fore-Brain, Mid-Brain, and the Hind-Brain

55
Q

What are the subcategories of the Telencephalon of the brain?

A

The Neocortex, Basal ganglia, and the Limbic system

56
Q

What are the subcategories of the Diencephalon of the brain?

A

The Thalamus and the Hypothalamus

57
Q

What are the subcategories of the Mesencephalon of the brain?

A

Midbrain

58
Q

What are the subcategories of the Metencephalon of the brain?

A

Cerebellum and the Pons

59
Q

What are the subcategories of the Mylencephalon of the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

60
Q

True or False? The basic Organization and structure of the brain is different in all individuals.

A

False, it is the same in all individuals

61
Q

True or False? The basic Organization of the brain is the same across all mammals

A

True

62
Q

What does the word “Cortex” mean?

A

Outer bark, the outer surface of the brain

63
Q

Do humans have lots or little cortex in the brain (Outer surface)?

A

Humans have lots, so much that it is scrunched up inside the cranium

64
Q

What is the cortex responsible for?

A

Social, cognitive and perceptual skills

65
Q

True or False? The cortex and its nerve fibres make up most of our brain

A

True

66
Q

What are the differences between the brains of mammals

A

They are to do with relative brain size and greater number of neurons especially the amount of cortex

67
Q

What are associated cortex regions?

A

parts of the cerebral cortex that receive inputs from multiple areas. Aka more complex and more cell communication across neurons

68
Q

True or False? The human brain can vary in total size?

A

True. In the number of brain cells in certain areas of the brain and there strength and number of neural connections

69
Q

What does variation of the brain depend on?

A

Most of the variation is genetic but it is also extremely dependant on the environment including the effects of different experience/epigenetic effects

70
Q

True or False? The human brain is unique

A

True

71
Q

Is having a big brain a good thing?

A

No it might not always be good. Can be linked to a lower IQ

72
Q

What happens to neurons during fetal development?

A

The brain produces heaps of neurons but then culls them dramatically.

73
Q

Can adult brains produce completely new neurons?

A

Absolutely

74
Q

What is adult neurogenesis?

A

Adult neurogenesis is the process of generating new neurons which integrate into existing circuits after fetal and early postnatal development has ceased.

75
Q

What is cerebro-spinal fluid?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord. the primary function of CSF is to cushion the brain within the skull and serve as a shock absorber for the central nervous system, CSF also circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood and removes waste products from the brain.

76
Q

What is the olfactory region?

A

The olfactory system enables us to detect odors. Aka it is the smell centre of the brain

77
Q

Which part of the brain produces new brain cells in adults?

A

The seahorse aka hippocampus

PSYC105 (6 decks)

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