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PSYC105 > Memory & Cognition > Flashcards

Memory & Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the model of the mind?

A

A model by Atkinson & Shiffrin which displays the 3 kinds of memory

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2
Q

What are the 3 kinds of memory?

A

Sensory memory, Working (short-term) memory, Long-term memory.

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3
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Sensory Information processed by the nervous system, stored just long enough to be passed on to the short term memory system. This type of memory is rapidly lost.

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4
Q

What is the working memory?

A

Memory that is lost without maintenance rehearsal

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5
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Permanent memory’s

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6
Q

What is the function of sensory memory?

A

Takes in information until it can be processed

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7
Q

What is the capacity of sensory memory?

A

Large amount of information

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8
Q

What is the duration of sensory memory?

A

Brief (250-300 msec for visual, 2-3 sec for auditory)

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9
Q

What is the type of code of sensory memory?

A

Raw copy (literal, accurate)

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10
Q

What is the cause of forgetting of sensory memory?

A

Result of decay

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11
Q

What is the function of working memory?

A

Seat of conscious thought where perceiving, comparing, feeling, and reasoning take place.

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12
Q

What is the duration of working memory?

A

stays while it is being processed (rehearsed). if attention is diverted, about 20 seconds.

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13
Q

What is the type of code of working memory?

A

acoustic-articulatory code

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14
Q

What is the cause of forgetting of working memory?

A

mostly interference but also decay

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15
Q

What is the function of long term memory?

A

Store information relatively permanently

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16
Q

What is the capacity of long term memory?

A

Limitless

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17
Q

What is the duration of long term memory?

A

Relatively permanent

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18
Q

What is the type of code of long term memory?

A

Semantic (or by meaning)

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19
Q

What is the cause of forgetting of long term memory?

A

Not forgotten, we just lose access

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20
Q

What does semantic mean?

A

Semantic memory refers to a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience. Semantic memory includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime

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21
Q

What are the control processes of the model of memory?

A

Attention, rehearsal, encoding, and retrieval.

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22
Q

What is the ionic store?

A

very brief sensory memory of some visual stimuli, that occur in the form of mental pictures

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23
Q

True or False? Our visual system is able to hold a great deal of information but if you do not attend to this information it will be rapidly lost

A

True

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24
Q

What is the span of apprehension?

A

The number of items a person can apprehend or process simultaneously

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25
Q

In history what are the 2 sensory’s that were mainly investigated?

A

The visual and audio sensory’s

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26
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

Echoic memory, or auditory sensory memory, is a type of memory that stores audio information (sound)

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27
Q

True or False? Your brain tends to fill audio gaps in for you.

A

True

28
Q

What was the results from the phonemic restoration effect experiment (Warren and warren, 1970)?

A

Subjects claimed to hear ‘wheel’ ‘heel’ ‘peel’ or ‘meal’ based on the implied meaning of the last word in the sentence, despite the fact that the ‘eel’ sound was identical in each of the sentences. (This suggested that while lingering in echoic memory, the eel sound was disambiguated on the basis of what was implied by the subsequent word.)

29
Q

What is selective listening?

A

Selective hearing is characterized as the action in which people focus their attention intentionally on a specific source of a sound or spoken words. … Selective hearing is not a physiological disorder but rather it is the capability of humans to block out sounds and noise.

30
Q

What is selective viewing?

A

Selective attention is the process of focusing on a particular object in the environment for a certain period of time. Attention is a limited resource, so selective attention allows us to tune out unimportant details and focus on what matters

31
Q

What is the paradox of attention?

A

That attention must allow individuals to focus solely on challenging tasks and ignore distractions but also be distractible and monitor their environments for dangerous stimuli.

32
Q

What is the purpose of the ‘filtering system’ in the model of attention?

A

To prevent overload and allow the brain to focus on important stimuli

33
Q

What is Intentional blindness?

A

When an individual fails to perceive an unexpected stimulus in plain sight, purely as a result of a lack of attention rather than any vision defects or deficits.

34
Q

Why is the claim that rehearsal is essential for encoding in long-term memory bad?

A

As there needs to be a type of elaboration of the information in the working memory. This is more important than rehearsal. For example just reading something again and again isn’t going to encode something into your long term memory but making connections are elaborating on that reading may achieve this

35
Q

True or False? Meaning is essential to remembering

A

Absolutely true

36
Q

What does elaboration and focusing on meaning achieve?

A

The promotion of a memory to a more durable long-term memory

37
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Explicit memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts.

38
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Implicit memory is one of the two main types of long-term human memory. It is acquired and used unconsciously, and can affect thoughts and behaviours. Some examples of implicit memory include singing a familiar song, typing on your computer keyboard, and brushing your teeth.

39
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge that we have accumulated throughout our lives. This general knowledge is intertwined in experience and dependent on culture.

40
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Episodic memory is the memory of every day events that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

41
Q

What is temporal-lobe amnesia?

A

a memory disorder, secondary to injury of the temporal lobe, that prevents the formation of new memories.

42
Q

Which varieties of memory to scientists tend to focus on?

A

Semantic, Episodic, Priming, and Procedural

43
Q

What is priming memory?

A

Priming is the implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus.

44
Q

What is Procedural memory?

A

Procedural memory is a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills.

45
Q

What is an easy way to think of episodic memory?

A

“What did I have for breakfast”

46
Q

What is an easy way to think of semantic memory?

A

“What is the capital city of New Zealand”

47
Q

What does explicit memory involve?

A

Conscious recollection

48
Q

What is elaborative processing?

A

Facilitates explicit memories but not implicit memories

49
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Explicit memory system that includes episodic and semantic memory supported by the hippocampus.

50
Q

What is non-declarative memory?

A

Implicit memory system that included procedural skills, priming, conditioning, habituation, and sensitization.

51
Q

What is the spreading-activation model?

A

This model proposed that the activation of any one concept initiates a spread of activity to nearby concepts in the network which primes those concepts so they become temporarily more retrievable than before. (cat to dog to fur - soft ect)

52
Q

What do smaller lines indicate on the spreading-activation model?

A

Strong relations

53
Q

What do longer lines indicate on the spreading-activation model?

A

Weaker relations

54
Q

Who is Elizabeth Loftus?

A

An expert researcher on the malleability and reliability of memories.

55
Q

What is it important to be aware about during police questioning?

A

That questions about events can change or influence ones memory of that event.

56
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

That memory for an event can be influenced by information given after the event

57
Q

True or False? Can memory for an event be influenced by information given after the event

A

True

58
Q

True or False? Memory is not malleable

A

False, memory is constructive and easily influenced

59
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded.

60
Q

What is the state-dependent retrieval?

A

The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval.

61
Q

Does the erase/update model fit scenarios of when people are incapable of remembering things or their memory is mislead.

A

No, the encoding specificity model fits best.

62
Q

Same environmental state = what?

A

Better recall of a memory.

63
Q

What is the unconscious priming experiment by marcel?

A

Marcel was manipulating interstimulus intervals in the lexical decision task, wherein words are shown as priming stimuli to facilitate judgment of whether the target stimulus is a word (e.g. the target word “butter” primes for “bread” but not “nurse”) to test what impact this might have on the facilitation effect

64
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

The enhanced memory for events presented at the beginning and end of a learning episode.

65
Q

What is the retroactive interference?

A

Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

66
Q

What is the proactive interference?

A

Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later.

67
Q

What is the serial position curve?

A

Serial position curve is a “U”-shaped learning curve that is normally obtained while recalling a list of words due to the greater accuracy of recall of words from the beginning and end of the list than words from the middle of the list.

PSYC105 (6 decks)

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