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Block 8; Week 3 > Neuropsychological Approaches to Disorders of Learning & Attention-Crawford > Flashcards

Neuropsychological Approaches to Disorders of Learning & Attention-Crawford Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved in a neuropsychological assessment?

A 
review of records & forms
parent meeting
school observation
3 2hr testing sessions
parent feedback meeting
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2
Q

What are the procedures of assessment?

A 
rating scales
observation
intellectual assessment (IQ)
Academic Testing
Neuropsycholoigcal testing
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3
Q

What are the things involved in neuropsychological testing?

A

testing of memory, attention, social cognition, executive function, visuospatial, motor, language, emotional functioning

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4
Q

What do you measure in an intelligence test?

A 
abstract thought
reasoning
problem solving
acquired knowledge
communication skills
IQ score
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5
Q

What are some common IQ tests?

A

Wechsler Intelligence Scales (WAIS-V(adult), WISC-V(child), WPPSI-IV(preschool))
Differential Abilities Scale (DAS-II)
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB5)
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC)

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6
Q

What is an average IQ score?

A

90-110

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7
Q

What are the subtests of the WISC-V Model?

A

Verbal Component: similarities, vocab
Visual Spatial: block design, visual puzzles
Fluid Reasoning: matrix reasoning, figure weights
Working Memory: digit span, picture, span
Processing Speed: symbol search, coding

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8
Q

How must the IQ measuring instruments be calibrated?

A

for the individual’s sociocultural background & native language

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9
Q

What can make a full scale IQ invalid?

A

highly discrepant index or subtest scores

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10
Q

What types of neurodevelopment disorders can affect performance?

A

attention
language
motor
sensory functioning

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11
Q

Which factors affect IQ scores?

A 
emotional state
personality traits
physical state
motivation/effort
testing environment
skill of the examiner
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12
Q

Which IQ score qualifies you for a diagnosis of gifted? Intellectual disability?

A

Gifted: over 130

Intellectual Disability: Less than 70

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13
Q

T/F Reading, Writing, & Math are on the IQ test.

A

False.

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14
Q

How correlated is an infant’s IQ at an age less than 5 with their adult IQ?

A

virtually unrelated

after age 5, correlated w/i 7 points

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15
Q

T/F IQ is heritable.

A

True. 75% of the deal

Somehow this increases heritability correlation increases with age.

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16
Q

What is the general ability index?

A

WISC-V model w/o working memory & processing speed. Measures how the kid’s overall reasoning ability is…takes out cognitive efficiency. Depression, sleep deprivation etc can affect cognitive efficiency.

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17
Q

What is an intellectual disability?

A

Deficit in general intellectual ability & impairment in everyday adaptive functioning (i.e., social, practical, conceptual) in comparison to peers
**clinical assessment, standardized testing of intellectual ability
1% of pop.

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18
Q

What difference is considered significant b/w subtests in IQ test?

A

15 point difference, an entire standard deviation. Make sure to report subtests separately.
7 pt difference probably natural, normal.

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19
Q

What is the criteria for intellectual disability according to the DSM 5?

A

3 criteria must be met

  1. deficits in intellectual function: confirmed by clinical assessment & IQ (2 sd below mean)
  2. deficits in adaptive functioning-daily living skills across multiple settings
  3. onset during developmental period
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20
Q

What is the Flynn effect?

A

overtime IQ scores go up in a population

perhaps better nutrition

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21
Q

What are learning disorders?

A

difficulty w/ learning & academic skills that isn’t due to intellectual ability
brain’s ability to perceive or process verbal or nonverbal info efficiently & accurately

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22
Q

What is the prevalence of a learning disorder? Gender?

A

5-15%
more common in males
Note: usu don’t occur in isolation.

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23
Q

What are the criteria for diagnosing a learning disorder, according to the DSM5?

A

at least one of the following for at least 6 mo

Inaccurate or slow & effortful word reading
Difficulty understanding what is read
Difficulty with spelling
Difficulty with written expression
Difficulty with mastering number sense, number facts, calculations and/or mathematical reasoning

  • *significant academic impairment
  • *begin during school age
  • *no other explanation
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24
Q

What age can you start using the WISC for?

A

at age 6

25
Q

Now, there is a movement towards what standard of diagnosis of a reading disorder?

A

observe the child’s response to intervention (Research-based intervention, RTI)

26
Q

Can a person discover that they have a learning disorder later on in life?

A

YEs! even in med school or grad school, their coping mechanisms can’t compensate for the severity of their disorder

27
Q

If a child has a seizure problem & can’t learn well…do they have a learning disorder?

A

NO, they have a seizure disorder that impairs learning.

28
Q

What is the definition of learning disorders according to schools, IDEIA?

A

disorder in basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, that impairs function.
child doesn’t make sufficient progress in meeting grade level standards when using RTI
OR Child exhibits a pattern of strengths and weaknesses in performance, achievement, or both, relative to age, grade-level standards, or intellectual development

29
Q

What is RTI?

A

goal: eliminate academic problems, don’t over identify kids w/ learning disorders. Let’s provide them with better instruction before a diagnosis is made.
multi-tiered instructional approach focuses on problems first & then start increasingly intense interventions to students who don’t respond

30
Q

What is the problem w/ RTI?

A

takes too long!

kids go too long w/o significant enough help

31
Q

Describe the 3 Tier system of RTI.

A

Tier 1: most kids
regular learning setting
Tier 2: 15% of kids
targeted group interventions, small pull out group, rapid response
Tier 3: 5%
intensive individual interventions in normal classroom.
If Tier 3 is insufficient, may be diagnosed w/ learning disorder & may be put in special ed classroom.

32
Q

What is specific reading disorder, dyslexia?

A

most common learning disorder
deficit in phonological processing (ability to process info related to sound structures of language)
affects reading fluency & spelling

33
Q

T/F Dyslexia is a vision based therapy & can be assisted with vision therapy.

A

False. Not vision based. Based on phonological processing. Vision therapy is unhelpful.

34
Q

What is the intervention for dyslexia?

A

intensive reading remediation that incorporates semantic phonics-based instruction
improve reading fluency thru guided oral repetition & speed drills & sight word list practice

35
Q

Visual memory is impaired w/ dyslexia?

A

yes

36
Q

What are accommodations that are made for dyslexia?

A 
Extended time testing
Relaxed grading for spelling errors
Not required to read out loud or write on board
Assistive Technologies
Foreign language waiver
Use of spell checkers & calculators
Help with tasks that require rote memorization
Reduced course load
37
Q

What is specific math disorder, dyscalculia?

A

poor math achievement, usu have other learning disorder or ADHD
try to improve numerical concepts, math remediation

38
Q

Is dyslexia common?

A

yes, 9% of pop.

39
Q

What are executive functions?

A

A set of cognitive abilities that control and regulate other abilities and behaviors.
Include the ability to initiate and stop actions (e.g., impulse control), to monitor and change behavior as needed, regulate attention and emotions, organize materials and information, as well as to plan future behavior when faced with novel tasks and situations.
Executive functions allow us to anticipate outcomes and adapt to changing situations.

40
Q

Deficits in executive functions are observed in a number of neurodevelopment disorders, including ____.

A

ADHD

41
Q

What is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

A

persistent pattern of inattention or hyperactivity or impulsivity

42
Q

What is the prevalence & heritability of ADHD?

A

5% of children
more prevalent in males
highly heritable (0.8)

43
Q

Prenatal exposure to which things could cause ADHD?

A

drugs
alcohol
nicotine
toxins

44
Q

Which comorbid conditions are associated w/ ADHD?

A 
depression
anxiety
learning disorder
autism
disruptive behavior disorders
45
Q

According to DSM5, what are the 2 domains of ADHD?

A

Inattention

Hyperactivity-Impulsivity

46
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of ADHD?

A

combined
predominantly inattentive
predominantly hyperactive/impulsive

47
Q

When must the symptoms arise for a diagnosis of ADHD? How many settings must you observe the symptoms?

A

2 or more settings

onset before age 12

48
Q

T/F A child with difficulties maintaing attention must have ADHD.

A

False. Many disorders include inattention

49
Q

Aside from ADHD, what other disorders could cause inattention?

A 
Anxiety
Depression
Learning Disabilities
Language Disorder
Medical diagnoses
Substance use
Attachment Disorder
PTSD
Autism
Giftedness
Bipolar Disorder
50
Q

What is the difference b/w ADD & ADHD?

A

NOw, all called ADHD. Subtype could be predominantly inattentive

51
Q

What is the most heritable neurodevelopment disorder?

A

autism

second most: ADHD

52
Q

What were the results of the multimodal treatment study of children w/ ADHD?

A
  • *combined treatment (meds & behavior) & meds alone were better than parent training or community care
  • *combined treatment is better than meds alone for anxiety, academics, social skills, relationships
  • *first line: meds
  • *optimal: meds + behavior
53
Q

T/F Kids in combined treatment group take more meds than those in meds alone group.

A

False. Less meds.

54
Q

T/F Stimulants can be helpful for inattention in kids even if they don’t have ADHD.

A

True! Contributes to why the diagnosis of ADHD Is so difficult

55
Q

What are some of the stimulant medications used for ADHD?

A

Ritalin=dopamine reuptake inhibitor

56
Q

What is a non-stimulant medication for ADHD?

A

Strattera=NE reuptake inhibitor

**doesn’t work right away, must titrate off, not as effective as stimulants

57
Q

What are some behavior classroom interventions that are helpful for ADHD patients?

A

increased structure

help w/ organization & time management

58
Q

What is luminosity?

A

working memory training

**also cogmed

Block 8; Week 3 (11 decks)

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