neuropsych book

Question 1

childhood onset fluency disorder description

Answer 1

a disturbance in speech fluency that includes a number of problems with speech such as repeating syllables or words, prolonging certain sounds, making obvious pauses, or substituting words to replace ones that are difficult to articulate

Question 2

childhood onset fluency disorder stats

Answer 2

-2x more common in boys than girls
-most often by age 6
-80% of children who stutter before enter school will no longer have stutter after they have been in school a year or so

Question 3

childhood onset fluency disorder etiology

Answer 3

-makes people socially anxious
-multiple brain pathways
-genetic influences

Question 4

childhood onset fluency disorder treatment

Answer 4

-regulated breathing method (stop speaking when stuttering episode starts and take deep breath)
-altered auditory feedback (electronically charging speech feedback)
-self monitoring

Question 5

language disorder description

Answer 5

-limited speech in all situations
-expressive language (what is said) significantly lower than receptive language (what is understood)

Question 6

language disorder stats

Answer 6

10-15% of children under 3
5x more likely in boys than girls

Question 7

language disorder etiology

Answer 7

-parents pay not speak to them enough
-middle ear infection

Question 8

language disorder treatment

Answer 8

may be self correcting and not require special intervention

Question 9

social (pragmatic) communication disorder

Answer 9

difficulties with social aspects of verbal and non-verbal communication including verbosity, prosody, excessive switching of topics, dominating conversations

Question 10

social (pragmatic) communication disorder stats

Answer 10

-cases rising

Question 11

social (pragmatic) communication disorder treatment

Answer 11

-individualized social skills training with emphasis on teaching rules to carry on conversation and what is too much and too little info

Question 12

tourettes description

Answer 12

-involuntary motor movements (tics) such as head twitching or vocalizations such as grunts, that often occur in rapid succession, come on suddenly , and happen in stereotypes ways, vocal tics often repetition of obscenities

Question 13

tourette stats

Answer 13

-20% of kids show tic during growing years
-1-10 kids of 1000 have tourettes
-usually develops before 14
-high comorbidity with ADHD and OCD

Question 14

tourettes etiollgy

Answer 14

multiple venerability genes

Question 15

tourettes treatment

Answer 15

self monitoring, relaxation training and habit reversal

Question 16

ADHD

Answer 16

maladaptive levels of inattention, excessive activity and impulsiveness

Question 17

inattention ADHD in DSM (ADD)

Answer 17

people may appear to not listen to others, may lose assignments or things, may not pay enough attention to details so they make careless mistakes

Question 18

hyperactivity adn impulsivity ADHD in DSM

Answer 18

fidgeting, having trouble sitting, always being on go

blurting out answers, having trouble waiting turns

Question 19

prevalence of ADHD in kids

Answer 19

5.2%
boys 2-3x more likely to have than girls
noted to be different around 3-4

Question 20

teens with ADHD more likely to have

Answer 20

pregnancy and std
driving difficulties like crashes or speeding

Question 21

ADHD in adulthood

Answer 21

Rachel Klein study following 200 boys
-employed at jobs but significantly lower positions than comparisons
-2.5 years less of education and less likely to hold higher degrees
-more likely to be divorced, have substance use problems, and antisocial personality disorder
-higher chance of head injury and ED visits

Question 22

causes of ADHD

Answer 22

-highly influenced by genetics
-mutations that create extra copies or result in the deletion of genes
-genes associated with dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA and serotonin
-look for specific ties in brain to specific behavior (endophenotypes)
-mother that smoked during pregnancy more likely to have mutation in dopamine system
-other pregnancy complications like alc use, martial problems, stress, low birth weight
-artificial food dyes and additives
-pesticides
-negative responses by teachers and parents and peers

Question 23

brain in those with ADHD

Answer 23

-brain slightly smaller in those with ADHD (3-4%)

Question 24

psychological interventions for ADHD

Answer 24

-set goals to increase time child is seated, number of path papers completed or appropriate social play with peers
-reinforcement programs reward for improvements and punish for misbehavior with loss of rewards
-structure kids day to prevent difficulties
-social skills training
-for adults cognitive behavioral intervention and improve organizational skills

Question 25

biological interventions for ADHD

Answer 25

-first type of meds used for kids are stimulants (ritalin, adderall)
-non-stimulants (atomoxetime, guanfacine, and clonidine helpful to reduce symptoms)
-stimulant meds help reinforce brain’s ability to focus attention on problem solving tasks
-drug trial may be dependent on someones genetic makeup

Question 26

Multimodal Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA)

Answer 26

-study by NIMH
-14 months, 579 kids
-4 groups: routine care without meds or behavior intervention (community care), medication (methylphenidate/ritalin), intensive behavioral treatment, combination of med and behavior
-found that combination and medication were better than behavioral alone and community care
-some disagreemnt/controversy

Question 27

response to intervention

Answer 27

identify child having specific learning disorder when the response to a known effective intervention is significantly inferior to the performance of peers

Question 28

statistics of learning disorders

Answer 28

-5-15% of youth lave LD
-higher frequency of diagnosis in wealthier regions (better access to services).
-1% of white children and 2.6% of black kids
-difficulties reading mort common
-students more likely to drop out of school, be unemployed and have suicidal thoughts/attempts

Question 29

communication disorders

Answer 29

-can appear deceptively benign but presence in early life can cause wide range of problems
-childhood onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
-language disorder

Question 30

genetics causes of learning disorders

Answer 30

-runs in families
-genes that affect learning and they may contribute to problems across domains
-some evidence that ability of word recognition depends on genes whereas others develop from environment (dyslexia, fluency)

Question 31

environmental causes of learning disorder

Answer 31

-home reading habits of families
-socioeconomic status, cultural expectations, child management practices, parental expectations

Question 32

biological causes of learning disorder

Answer 32

3 areas of L hemisphere for dyslexia
-Broca’s area (articulation and word analysis)
-area in left parietotemporal region (word analysis)
-and left occipototemporal area (recognizing word form)

-intrapariatal sulcus is critical for sense of numbers and implicated in math disorder

-none yet for written word

Question 33

treatment of learning disorders

Answer 33

-educational interventions :
1. specific skill instructions: vocab, main idea, facts in reading
2. strategy instruction: efforts to improve cognitive skills through decision making and critical thinking
-Direct Institution: systematic instruction (scripted lesson plans where students in small groups based on progress) and teaching for mastery (teach until understand all concepts), students tested for their understanding frequently
-MRI show that after intensive online program, those with reading disorders improved reading skills and brain started to function in similar ways to peers

Question 34

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 34

neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in social interactions and communications and restricted patterns of behavior, interest and activity