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EPPP cards > Neuropsych > Flashcards

Neuropsych Flashcards

1
Q

Achromatopsia

A

Condition characterized by a partial or total absence of color vision

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2
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to interpret sensations or recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage

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3
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

A severe and dangerous leukopenia (lowered blood cell count)

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4
Q

Akathisia

A

Extreme motor restlessness

An extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs and a symptom of Parkinson’s disease

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5
Q

Akinesia

A

Loss or impairment of the power of voluntary movement

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6
Q

Anomia

A

A form of aphasia in which the patient has the inability to name a common or familiar object, attribute, or event

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7
Q

Anosognosia

A

Inability to recognize one’s own neurological symptoms or other disorder
o Damage to the parietal lobe

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8
Q

Anticholinergic Effects

A

Includes dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), urinary retention, constipation, memory impairment, and confusion
o Caused by several drugs including antipsychotics and TCAs

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9
Q

Aphasia

A

Impairments in the production and/or comprehension of language as a result of brain damage

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10
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Difficulty in producing written or spoken language with little or no trouble in understanding language

frontal lobe

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11
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Inability to comprehend written or spoken language with production of rapid speech that is lacking content

temporal lobe

“You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before.”

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12
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

Does not affect language comprehension but does result in anomia, paraphasia, and impaired repetition

parietal lobe

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13
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functioning
o Damage to the parietal lobe

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14
Q

Asomatognosia

A

loss of recognition or awareness of part of the body

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15
Q

Ataxia

A

Characterized by slurred speech, severe tremors, and a loss of balance
o Damage to the cerebellum

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16
Q

Dysprosody

A

Refers to a disorder in which one lacks normal intonation, stress, and rhythm
o May manifest as pseudo-foreign accent syndrome

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17
Q

Gerstmann’s Syndrome

A

the loss of the ability to express thoughts in writing (agraphia, dysgraphia), to perform simple arithmetic problems (acalculia), to recognize or indicate one’s own or another’s fingers (finger agnosia), and to distinguish between the right and left sides of one’s body.
o Damage to the parietal lobe

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18
Q

Nueroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

A

Rare but potentially fatal side effect of antipsychotic drugs. Involves rapid onset of motor, mental, and autonomic symptoms, such as muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and altered consciousness
o Drug must be stopped as soon as symptoms develop to avoid fatal outcome

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19
Q

Paresthesia

A

Pins and needles sensation

o Causes aren’t due to an underlying disease

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20
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

Potentially irreversible extrapyramidal side effect associated with long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs.
o Symptoms: Rhythmical, stereotyped movements of the face, limbs, and trunk
o Some cases symptoms are alleviated by GABA agonist or by gradual withdrawal of the drug
o More common in females and older patients
o Symptoms eventually improve when the drug is gradually withdrawn, although there may be an initial worsening of symptoms

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21
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar faces

o Damage to the occipital lobe

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22
Q

Synesthsia

A

“Joining Senses”
o A rare condition in which the stimulation of one sensory modality triggers a sensation in another sensory modality
 E.g. hear a color or taste a shape

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23
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar objects

o Damage to the occipital lobe

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24
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Associated with normal aging and Alzheimer’s related declines
o Involved in REM sleep and the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle

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25
Q

Dopamine

A

Involved in mood, motivation, and voluntary movement (three Ms)

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26
Q

What disorders are related to dopamine?

A

Parkinson’s disorder = Degeneration of dopamine receptors in the substantia nigra/nearby areas

Tourette’s disorder = Oversensitivity to or excessive dopamine in the caudate nucleus

Dopamine Hypothesis: Plays a key role in schizophrenia—Oversensitivity to or higher levels of dopamine

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27
Q

What drugs are related to an increase of dopamine?

A

Cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, and stimulants elevate mood by increasing dopamine

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28
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Important role in mood, attention, dreaming, learning, and certain autonomic functions

Catecholamine hypothesis: Predicts some forms of depression are due to lower-than-normal levels

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29
Q

Serotonin

A

Mediates temperature, hunger, and thirst, sexual behavior, aggression, arousal, sleep, and migraine headaches

Decreased levels = Bulimia
Increased levels = Anorexia Nervosa

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30
Q

GABA

A

o Always inhibitory/reduces activity
o Low levels = anxiety

Benzodiazepines reduce anxiety by enhancing effects of GABA

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31
Q

Abnormal levels of GABA are associated with what disorders?

A

Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and sleep disorders

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32
Q

Glutamate

A

o Major excitatory neurotransmitter

o Plays a role in long-term potentiation (LTP)—Responsible for the formation of long-term memories

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33
Q

What is the result of excessive levels of glutamate?

A

Excitotoxicity: Damages or destroys nerve cells

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34
Q

Endorphins

A

o Analgesic properties: Responsible for pain relief produced by acupuncture
o Implicated in certain pleasurable experiences, emotions, memory and learning, and sexual behavior

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35
Q

What disorders are associated with serotonin?

A

Depression, mania, OCD, social phobia, schizophrenia, and EDs

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36
Q

What are the three brain divisions?

A

hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

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37
Q

Of the hindbrain, the __ regulates automatic responses such as breathing and HR, whereas the __ coordinates voluntary movements, is responsible for balance and posture, and plays a role in motor skills

A

medulla; cerebellum

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38
Q

Abnormalities of the cerebellum can lead to what disorders?

A

autism, schizophrenia, and ADHD

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39
Q

What are the five groups of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

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40
Q

Difference between quadriplegic and paraplegic?

A

o Paraplegia: Damage at the thoracic level; A loss of sensory and voluntary functioning in the legs
o Quadriplegia: Damage at the cervical level; Involves a loss of sensory and voluntary functioning in the arms and legs

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41
Q

somatic nervous system

A

Carried signals from the skeletal muscles and sense to the CNS and from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

Associated with activities that are considered voluntary

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42
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Controls glands and muscles of the internal organs, associated with involuntary (automatic) activities

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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43
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

flight or fight reaction

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44
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

relaxation and energy conservation

Meditation, hypnosis, biofeedback, and other techniques are used to foster the “relaxation response” by activating this branch

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45
Q

Of the midbrain, __ is involved in respiration, coughing, vomiting, posture, locomotion and REM sleep.

A

reticular formation

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46
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Plays a role in arousal and consciousness
o Includes the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)—Involved in selective attention and arousal
o Damage disrupts the sleep-wake cycle and can produce a permanent coma-like state of sleep.

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47
Q

Structures of forebrain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system

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48
Q

Thalamus

A

Integrates information from all of the senses except olfaction and relays it to the cerebral cortex

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49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Responsible for maintaining the body’s homeostasis through its influence on the ANS and endocrine glands

o Generates physiological reactions associated with rage, fear, and other strong emotions
o Controls the release of hormones from the pituitary and other endocrine glands
o Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN): Controls the body’s circadian rhythms including the sleep/wake cycle and normal daily fluctuations

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50
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

Control of voluntary movement

Damage can cause akinesia and hypokinesia

Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Tourette’s, OCD, and ADHD

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51
Q

Limbic system

A

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex

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52
Q

Kulver-Bucy syndrome

A

Produced by lesions in the amygdala and temporal lobe, which causes emotional blunting, excessive hunger, inappropriate sexual behaviors, and inability to recognize familiar objects or people

53
Q

Hippocampus

A

Plays a role in processing visual, spatial, and verbal information and consolidating declarative memories

If I saw a hippo I would remember it! = Processing visual memories

Essential for the formation of visual memories

54
Q

cingulate cortex

A

Involved in attention, emotion, and the perception and subjective experience of pain

Involved in the transmission of pain signals

Important role in the emotional response to painful stimuli

55
Q

Cerebral cortex makes up __ of the brain’s total weight

A

80%

56
Q

The __ side of the brain is associated with logic, language, dominance, and positive emotions.

A

left

57
Q

The __ side of the brain is associated with visuospatial skills, creativity, nonverbal memory, non-dominance, and negative emotions.

A

right

58
Q

The __ part of the frontal lobe plays a roll in emotion, memory, self-awareness, and higher order functions

A

prefrontal cortex

59
Q

Damage to the __ Area causes impaired judgment, planning, and organization as well as inflexible, perseverative responses

A

Dorsolateral

60
Q

Damage to the __ area causes pseudo-psychopathy, which involves emotional liability, distractibility, poor impulse control, and impaired social insight

A

orbitofrontal

61
Q

Damage to the __ area produces pseudo-depression, which involves impaired spontaneity, reduced emotional reactions, and diminished motor behavior and verbal output

A

mediofrontal

62
Q

The __ in the frontal lobe is part of the pyramidal motor system and different areas control muscles in different parts of the body

A

Primary Motor Cortex

63
Q

The somatosensory cortex is associated with the __ lobe

A

parietal

64
Q

The __ processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioception (the sense of self-movement and body posture)

A

somatosensory cortex

65
Q

The __ lobe contains the auditory cortex

A

temporal

66
Q

The __ lobe houses areas essential for encoding, storage, retrieval of LT declarative memories

A

temporal

67
Q

__ are more prone to colorblindness.

A

Males

68
Q

What is the most common form of colorblindness?

A

red-green

69
Q

__ senses are associated with pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.

A

cutaneous

70
Q

Coping strategies for pain

A

Active coping strategies such as exercise, physical therapy, using distractions, and ignoring the pain

71
Q

__ Law suggests that the more intense a stimulus, the greater the increase in stimulus intensity required for the increase to produce a “just noticeable difference.” E.g. Explains why a whisper is audible is a quiet room, but not in a very noisy room

A

Weber’s

72
Q

__ Law suggests that physical stimulus changes are logarithmically related to their psychological sensations

A person’s experience of stimulus intensity increases arithmetically as the stimulus intensity increases geometrically

A

Fechner’s

73
Q

Asking participants to assign numbers to intensity of sensations is associated with what law?

A

Steven’s Power Law

74
Q

Evidence that the __ is responsible for the recall of traumatic events and may contribute to the development of PTSD

A

amygdala

75
Q

Removal of __ Lobe leads to deficits on __ memory tasks, e.g. face-recognition, spatial position, maze-learning, and emotional memory

A

R; non-verbal

76
Q

Removal of __ Lobe leads to impaired performance on measures of __ memory, e.g. recall of lists and stories, recognition of words and numbers

A

L; verbal

77
Q

The __ adds emotional significance to memories.

A

amygdala

78
Q

Basic emotions

A

fear, anger, happiness, disgust, surprise, and sadness

79
Q

Cannon-Bard

A

Bodily and emotional reactions to external stimuli occur simultaneously

Result of thalamic stimulation of the cortex and the peripheral nervous system

Supported by research showing bodily reactions are fairly similar for all emotions, which suggests the nature of the emotional experience does not just reflect differences in bodily arousal.

80
Q

Two-factor theory

A

human emotions contain two factors or parts: physical arousal and a cognitive label

Ex: you are probably going to be more angry in the aroused state than if you got the news in a less aroused state.

81
Q

Cognitive-appraisal theory

A

Emotions are universal but there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised

82
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Refers to a person’s evaluation of a situation as irrelevant, positive-benign, or stressful with regard to their own well-being
• The outcome of primary appraisal depends on the individual’s beliefs, values, and expectations

83
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

The person’s evaluation of the resources they have to cope with a situation that has been identified as stressful

84
Q

Re-appraisal

A

The person monitors the situation and, as necessary, modifies their primary and/or secondary appraisals

85
Q

Mediates pos and neg emotions

A

cerebral cortex

86
Q

A neural network that mediates the experience and expression of emotion

A

Papez’s circuit

87
Q

__ hemisphere mediates positive emotions

A

L; damage can cause catastrophic anxiety/depression

88
Q

__ hemisphere mediates negative emotions

A

R; sadness, anger, and other neg feelings; damage can cause apathy or undue cheerfulness

89
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Generate physiological responses associated with fear, rage, and other strong emotions

90
Q

Type A behavior

A

Highly competitive and achievement-oriented, have a sense of time urgency, and tend to be hostile, easily irritated, and impatient

Strongly associated with health problems, especially coronary heart disease in males

91
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

Sex-related differences in physical appearance

Research has confirmed that the human brain is sexually dimorphic, including differences in the size of the corpus callosum, hippocampus, and SCN.

92
Q

EEG patterns

A

Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta

93
Q

Alert, fully awake state

A

Beta waves

94
Q

Awake, rested, relaxed state

A

Alpha waves

95
Q

Deep relaxation, light sleep

A

Theta waves

96
Q

Deep sleep

A

Delta waves

97
Q

Sleep Stage 1

A

Alpha waves are replaced by theta waves

98
Q

Sleep Stage 2

A

Slightly deeper stage of sleep and is dominated by theta waves

99
Q

Sleep Stage 3

A

Theta waves are replaced by delta waves

100
Q

Sleep Stage 4

A

Delta waves dominate, referred to as deep sleep stage

101
Q

Sleep Stage 5

A

REM sleep, Most vivid dreams

102
Q

__ sleep decrease from childhood to adulthood

A

REM

103
Q

Open-head injury

A

Produces more localized damage and highly specific symptoms

104
Q

Close-head injury

A

Causes alteration in consciousness and anterograde/retrograde amnesia

105
Q

Glasgow coma scale

A

The lower the number of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) the more severe the injury, e.g. 8 or less = severe

106
Q

Posttraumatic amnesia

A

Refers to post-injury anterograde amnesia, and its duration has been found to be a good predictor of the persistence of cognitive, motor, personality, and other types of symptoms caused by the injury

107
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Recent memories being affected more than remote memories

o Memories from more distant past return first

108
Q

Postconcussional syndrome

A

Impaired cognitive functioning and neurobehavioral symptoms

Loss of consciousness, period of amnesia or seizures, persisting deficits in attention or memory, 3 or more—irritability, fatigue, headache, dizziness, depression, and anxiety

Most recover within 1-3 months

Symptoms that last >1 year may become permanent

109
Q

What causes seizures?

A

abnormal discharge of electrical energy by nerve cells in the brain signaled by:
• An aura that signals the onset of the seizure, e.g. a feeling, odor, or noise
• A loss of consciousness
• Some type of abnormal movement

110
Q

How do you diagnose a seizure disorder?

A

medical hx, physical exam, EEG

111
Q

Tonic-clonic (grand mal)

A

Characterized by a loss of consciousness, an initial tonic stage where the muscles contract and the body stiffness, and then a clonic stage that involves rhythmic shaking of the limbs
o Includes postictal depression or confusion with amnesia for the ictal event

112
Q

Absence (petit mal)

A

A loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms

o Person often exhibits a “blank stare” with frequent eye blinking
o Some evidence that the thalamus plays a role

113
Q

__ seizures begin in one side of the brain and affect one side of the body

A

partial; simple, complex

114
Q

__ lobe seizures include hallucinations, a sudden alteration in emotion, a sense of deja-vu, and automatisms

A

temporal

115
Q

Huntington’s disease has been linked to degeneration of __ secreting cells in the __ __ and __

A

GABA; basal ganglia, cortex

116
Q

Positive symptoms of parkinson’s disease

A

Tremor at rest, muscle rigidity, and akathisia

117
Q

Negative symptoms of parkinson’s disease

A

Impaired balance and coordination, speech disturbances, bradykinesia, and akinesia

118
Q

__ helps alleviate symptoms in early stages by increasing dopamine levels in the brain

A

L-Dopa

119
Q

Is MS more common in men than women?

A

women

120
Q

A progressive disease of the nervous system that involves a degeneration of the myelin that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord

A

multiple sclerosis

121
Q

__ hypertension is diagnosed when high blood pressure is not due to a known physiological cause

A

primary

122
Q

__ hypertension is diagnosed when elevated blood pressure is related to a known disease; Treatment emphasizes lifestyle modifications, may include use of a diuretic, beta blocker, or other blood pressure medication

A

secondary

123
Q

Migraine headaches are associated with low __ levels

A

serotonin

124
Q

a __ headache involves excruciating, usually burning, pain that occurs in clusters over a two to three month period; Usually located behind one eye and may also involve the face and temple

A

cluster

125
Q

A __ Headache is associated with non-throbbing pain, usually on both sides of the head, at the back of the neck, and/or in the facial area; Attributed to stress and muscle tension; Also related to the dilation of blood vessels

A

tension

126
Q

Endocrine disorders

A

hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hypoglycemia, diabetes

127
Q

hypoglycemia

A

Higher-than-normal levels of insulin, which can produce abnormally low blood sugar

Characterized by hunger, headaches, blurred vision, anxiety, depression, and confusion

128
Q

diabetes

A

Lower-than-normal levels of insulin, which can produce excessive blood sugar

Characterized by increased thirst and urination, excessive hunger with weight loss, increased susceptibility to infection, and apathy and confusion

EPPP cards (3 decks)

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