Lifespan Flashcards
1
Q
The brain is about __ of its adult weight at birth, but __ of its adult weight by 24 months.
A
25%, 80%
2
Q
Genotype
A
Genetic inheritance
3
Q
Phenotype
A
Observed characteristics, which are due to a combination of heredity and environment
4
Q
What are Rutter’s indicators aka the six family risk factors that predict childhood psychopathology?
A
o Severe marital discord o Low socioeconomic status o Overcrowding or large family size o Parental criminality o Maternal psychopathology o Placement of the child outside of the home
5
Q
Canalization
A
Used to described characteristics in which genotype restricts phenotype to a small number of possible outcomes
6
Q
Niche picking
A
Active genotype-environment correlation
o Occurs when children actively seek out experiences that are consistent with their genetic predispositions
E.g., children who are extroverted will seek out stimulating activities
-More important as child is more independent
7
Q
Epigenesis
A
Relationship between genetic and environmental influences as bidirectional and ongoing
8
Q
Critical Period
A
Specific, predetermined period of time during biological maturation when an organism is particularly sensitive to certain stimuli that can have either a positive or negative impact on development
9
Q
Sensitive periods
A
Longer in duration and more flexible than critical periods, and they are not tied as closely to chronological age or maturational stage
10
Q
Germinal period
A
1-2 weeks
11
Q
Embryonic period
A
3-8 weeks
12
Q
Fetal period
A
9 weeks to birth
13
Q
Dominant gene disorder
A
Due to the inheritance of a single dominant gene from one parent, e.g., Huntington’s Disease
14
Q
Recessive gene disorder
A
Due to the inheritance of recessive genes (one from each parent), e.g., PKU, Tay-Sachs, and Sickle-Cell
15
Q
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
A
Lack an enzyme needed to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid found in milk, eggs, bread, and other foods
16
Q
Down Syndrome
A
Autosomal disorder that is due to the presence of an extra 21st chromosome
Characterized by intellectual disability, retarded physical growth and motor development, distinctive physical features, and increased susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease, Leukemia, and hear defects.
Some evidence that the risk for giving birth to a baby with Down syndrome increases as the mother’s age increases
17
Q
Klinefelter Syndrome
A
Occurs in Males and due to the presence of two or more X chromosomes alone with a single Y chromosome
Symptoms include smaller than normal genitalia, development of breasts during puberty, long legs with a short trunk, infertility, and learning disabilities and behavioral problems
18
Q
Turner Syndrome
A
Occurs in Females and due to the presence of a single X chromosome
Symptoms include dropping eyes, short stature, webbed neck and other physical features, retarded or absent development of secondary sex characteristics, hearing/vision problems, and learning disabilities
19
Q
Prader-Willis Syndrome
A
Caused by a deletion on chromosome 15
Characterized by intellectual disability, delayed motor development, underdevelopment of sex organs, intense food cravings and obesity
20
Q
Translocation
A
The transfer of a chromosome segment to another chromosome
21
Q
Inversion
A
When a chromosome breaks in two places and the segment formed by the breaks inverts and reattaches to the chromosome
In humans, usually do not affect phenotype
22
Q
Teratogens
A
Environmental agents that adversely affect prenatal development
23
Q
When pregnant, cocaine increases the risk of what?
A
premature birth
miscarriage
stillbirth
24
Q
Prenatal exposure to cocaine
A
SIDS, seizures, low birthweight
Irritable, difficult to soothe, h. reactive
Small head, heart, urinary tract
learning and behavioral issues
25
When does alcohol produce most severe defects in prenatal development?
1st trimester
| Alcohol begins with “A” which is the 1st letter and effects are worse in 1st trimester!
26
How does fetal alcohol spectrum disorder differ from fetal alcohol effects?
FAE: less severe symptoms
o More common than FASD and when mother consumes less alcohol during pregnancy
o Less likely to have facial abnormalities and intellectual disability, but may have other FASD symptoms that are more mild/less severe
o Symptoms are permanent
27
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
Characterized by delays in physical development, organ defects, body malformations, and CNS dysfunction
o Child may have motor impairments, intellectual disabilities, and learning disabilities
o Most symptoms persist into adulthood
o Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) = Most severe form of FASD
Likely when heavy drinking everyday
28
Maternal Malnutrition
Prematurity, low birth weight, cognitive deficits, and a weak immune system
• Malnutrition during the 3rd trimester (especially protein deficiency) is particularly detrimental to the developing brain
o Good nutrition following birth can reverse some of the negative effects
29
Malnutrition during the __ trimester (especially protein deficiency) is particularly detrimental to the developing brain
3rd trimester
30
What's the transmission rate for HIV from parent to child?
Transmission between 35-60% (20-30% during pregnancy), Risk reduced when antiviral drug is taken during pregnancy and birth
31
When can HIV be transmitted to the baby?
Pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding
32
Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Occurs when a type of herpes virus is passed from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus through the placenta
Intellectual disabilities and hearing and visual impairments
33
Babinski reflex
Toes fan out and upward when soles of the feet are tickled
34
Moro reflex
Fling arms and legs outward and then toward the body in response to a loud noise of sudden loss of physical support (startled)
35
When does depth perception develop?
4-6 months
36
When does color vision develop?
2-3 months
37
Age newborns can distinguish face of mother and stranger
2 months
38
When is visual acuity equal to adult?
6 months
39
Auditory localization
Ability to orient toward a direction of sound
Soon after birth, disappears between 2-4 months, and then reappears
40
When can babies distinguish between consonants?
2-3 months
41
When can babies distinguish vowel sounds?
A few days after birth
42
Physical developmental milestones: 1-3 months
Raise chin, turn head by the 3rd month
Can play with hands and fingers and brings objects in hand to mouth
43
Physical developmental milestones: 4-6 months
4 months—Rolls from abdomen to back
5 months—Sits on lap and reaches and grasps
6 months—Sits alone and stands with help
5-9 months—First teeth appear
44
Physical developmental milestones: 7-9 months
Show increasingly good coordination
8-9 months—Sits alone without support and begins crawling and creeping
9-10 months—Pulls self to standing by holding furniture
45
Physical developmental milestones: 10-12 months
10-11 months—Stands alone and walks with help
~12 months—Takes first steps alone
46
Physical developmental milestones: 13-15 months
13-14 months—Walks alone with wide-based gait
15 months—Creeps up stairs, scribbles spontaneously, and uses cup
47
Physical developmental milestones: 16-25 months
18 months—Runs clumsily, walks up stairs with hand held, can use spoon
24 months—Goes up and down stairs alone, kicks ball, turns pages of book, and 50% of children use toilet during the day
48
Physical developmental milestones: 25-48 months
30 months—Jumps with both feet and has good hand finger coordination
36 months—Rides tricycle, dresses and undresses with simple clothing
48 months—Exhibits a stable preference for the right or left hand
49
Piaget's cognitive stages
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal opertaional
50
What are the two processes of adaptation?
Assimilation and accommodation
51
Assimilation
Applying existing schema to new object
52
Accommodation
Modifying existing schema to fit new object
53
Sensorimotor stage
0-2 years
Associate sensory experience with motor activity
Object permanence, symbolic thought
54
Preoperational stage
2-7 years
egocentrism, centration, irreversibility,
Transductive/precausal thinking: magical thinking, animism
55
Concrete operational
7-11 years
Conservation, reversibility, decentration
56
Formal operational
11+
Abstract thought, hypothetical and deductive reasoning, propositional thinking, personal fable, imaginary audience
57
Symbolic thought
Involves the ability to use images, gestures, and words, to represent objects and experiences
58
Centration
Focus on one aspect of an object or situation while ignoring all other aspects
Ex: child focusing on the number of pieces of cake that each person has, regardless of the size of the pieces
59
Magical thinking
Thinking something will happen will cause it to happen
60
Animism
Tendency to attribute human characteristics to inanimate objects
61
Conservation
The ability to recognize that certain physical characteristics of an object stay the same even when their outward appearance changes
Operations that permit conservation:
Reversibility: Recognize that processes can be reversed
Decentration: Focus on more than one aspect of an object or event at the same time
62
Propositional thinking
determine whether a statement is logical based solely on the wording of the statement, rather than having to observe or re-create the actual scenario
63
Personal Fable
The belief that one is unique and not subject to the natural laws that govern others
64
Information processing
o Cognitive abilities are similar at all stages of development but differ in terms of extent
o Focus on development within specific cognitive domains rather than identifying global principles of development
o Task-specific
65
Self-directed (private) speech
Helps children regulate and organize their own behaviors
| • As children grow older, self-directed speech becomes internalized as inner (silent) speech
66
Recessive abnormality disorders
```
Sickle cell anemia;
Tay Sachs disease;
cystic fibrosis;
some diabetes;
PKU
```
67
Chromosomal abnormalities
Sex-linked:
Turners
Klinefelters
Fragile X
Abnormal↓ Down’s Syndrome (most common) ↑risk with mothers age.
68
Effects of Early Training
Training for simple skills does not generalize and child is indistinguishable from others later.
Training for complex skills does improve eg. Tennis
69
Gender differences in motor development: girls
```
Middle childhood:
Girls –more physically mature
Flexible
Agile
Balance
```
70
Gender differences in motor development: boys
Physical strength
| Gross motor skills
71
What percentage of children have chronic health issues?
31%
72
What are the most common health issues for children?
respiratory allergies
recurrent ear infections
asthma
73
Most common drugs used by adolescents
alcohol
THC
tobacco
74
Research on Piaget's stages
Stages are invariant (no skipping)
Age at reaching stage do vary across cultures.
Young children are more competent than Piaget thought.
eg. Even 2 year can see from another’s perspective
75
Young children have limited __ memory
working
76
Differences in LTM are due to use of __ __.
memory strategies
77
Preschoolers tend to use __ memory strategies effectively
non-deliberate/incidental mnemonics
78
At what age can children use rehearsal, elaboration, and organization?
9-10 years
79
Nativist theory
People have an innate capacity for language and emphasize universal patterns of language development
Chomsky
(LAD –language acquisition device)
Exposure is all that is needed
80
Interactionist
Combination of bio and env factors.
Social-communications version –social interactions.
81
language structure: surface
organization of words, phrases, and sentences
82
language structure: deep
underlying meaning of sentences
83
language structure: transformational grammar
listening and speaking is transformations between surface and deep structures.
84
What are the three infant crying patterns?
basic
angry
pain
(1-2 months: fussy/irregular cry)
85
List the four Baumrind parenting styles
Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, rejecting-neglecting
86
Authoritarian
H. demandingness + L responsivity
Harsh, punitive responses
87
Authoritarian children
irritable, insecure, withdrawn and dependent, have low self-esteem, and are lacking in motivation and curiosity
88
Authoritative
H. demandingness + H. responsivity
Warm and nurturing, set standards but consider the children when doing so
89
Authoritative children
Children are self-confident, independent, and popular with peers and do well in school
90
Permissive
L. deandingness + H. responsivity
Allow their children to make their own decisions about chores, when to go to bed, etc.
91
Permissive children
Children are immature and reluctant to accept responsibility, have trouble controlling their impulses and are uninvolved in school
92
Rejecting-neglecting
L. demandingness + L. responsivity
Either neglect their children or overtly reject them
93
Rejecting-neglecting children
Children are noncompliant, impulsive and moody, and prone to drug use and antisocial behavior
Have the worst outcomes, linked with Juvenile delinquency
94
Exposure to a teratogen is most likely to cause a major defect when it occurs during the ___period from the __ week to the __ week
embryonic period (3rd to 8th week)
95
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is associated with ___ dysfunction
CNS
96
expansion vs extension
Expansion: When an adult is responding and adds to the child’s statement but retains the child’s word order
Extension: When an adult is responding and adds information to the child’s statement
97
semantic bootstrapping
A child’s use of their knowledge of the meaning of words to infer their syntactical (grammatical) category
Knowledge to infer category (e.g. nouns, verbs, etc.)
98
Syntactic bootstrapping
Refers to a child’s use of syntactical knowledge to learn the meaning of new words
Knowledge to infer possible meaning—narrows choices
99
prosodic bootstrapping
Refers to using the prosody (pitch, rhythm, etc.) of an utterance to make inferences about syntax
100
morphological bootstrapping
Refers to using knowledge about morphemes to deduce the syntax or meaning of a word
101
expressive jargon
Vocalizations that sound like sentences but have no meaning
102
single words that express an entire idea, includes using gestures and intonation
holophrastic speech
103
Thomas and Chess
Used 9 dimensions of personality to classify infants:
104
Easy children
Even tempered and adapt easily to new situations
105
Difficult children
Irritable and react negatively to new environments
106
Slow to warm children
Low activity levels and mildly negative reactions to new
107
Erikson stage focused on infancy
trust vs mistrust
objective: trust, hope
negative; suspicion
108
Erikson stage (1-3)
autonomy vs shame
objective; sense of self, will
negative: compulsion
109
Erikson stage (3-5)
initiative vs guilt
objective: purpose
negative: inadequacy
110
Erikson stage (6-11)
industry vs inferiority
objective: competency
negative: inferiority
111
Erikson stage (12-18)
identity vs role confusion
objective: fidelity
negative: rebellion
112
Erikson stage (young adulthood)
intimacy vs isolation
objective: love
negative: isolation
113
Erikson stage (middle adulthood)
generativity vs stagnation
objective: care
negative: unproductive, selfish
114
Erikson stage (older adulthood)
integrity vs despair
objective: wisdom
negative: dissatisfaction
115
Levinson's seasons of life
Divided the lifespan into 4 periods: infancy through adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood
Transitions form one period to the next are particularly stressful, and it is during these times that major changes in a person’s life structure usually occur
116
Levinson (17-22)
The early adult transition (17-22): Leaving the world of childhood, becoming independent, leads to the formation of “The Dream”
117
Levinson (28-33)
The age 30 transition (28 to 33): Realization that the life structure built during one’s 20s is not adequate, pressure to fully enter the adult world, followed by a period of “settling down”
118
Levinson (40-45)
The mid-life transition (40 to 45): Time of significant stress and reorganization, deflation of “The Dream,” marked by a shift in perspective from “time-since-birth” to “time-left-to-live”
119
AfAm children and authoritative parenting
link between authoritative and parenting and school success is weaker for African-American adolescents who are influenced more by peers
120
AsAm children and authoritarian parenting
adolescents often do well academically even when parents rely on parenting practices associated with the authoritarian style
121
___ borns tend to have more rapid language acquisition, achieve higher grades, obtain higher scores on IQ tests, are more achievement-oriented and conscientious
First
122
___ borns are less cautious and more rebellious, have better peer relationships, are more confident in social situations
Later
123
In what stage of childhood, are children likely to use descriptors such as "I'm popular" or "I'm shy"?
end of middle childhood
124
In what stage of childhood, are children likely to use concrete physical characteristics, behaviors, and preferences?
Early childhood; 2-6
125
In what stage of childhood, are children likely to describe themselves more abstractly?
adolescence
126
Gender constancy
when children realize gender is constant across situations
127
multidimensional model of gender identity
(1) membership knowledge, (2) gender typicality, (3) gender contentedness, (4) felt pressure for gender conformity, (5) intergroup bias
Also predicts a person’s psychosocial adjustment is related to their status on these components
128
At _ months, children are aware of racial differences
6 months
129
Children are able to label people in terms of racial group by the time they are __ years old
3-4 years
130
identity diffusion
Adolescents have not experienced an identity crisis and are not committed to a particular identity
131
identity foreclosure
Adolescents are committed to an identity but have not experienced an identity crisis
Individual has accepted a career goal or other aspect of identity that has been recommended by a significant other (often a parent)
132
identity moratorium
Adolescents are experiencing an identity crisis but not yet committed to an identity
133
identity achievement
Adolescents have resolved the identity crisis and are committed to a particular identity
134
Preconventional morality
compliance with rules to avoid punishment and get rewards; before 9
Punishment-Obedience and Instrumental Hedonism
135
Conventional morality
a focus on conforming to rules to get social approval; adolescence
Good Boy/Good Girl and Law and Order
136
Postconventional morality
focus on justice; some adolescents and adults
Morality of Contract, Rights and Laws, and Morality of Conscience.
137
Elderly people are more likely to see an increase with __ intelligence
crystallized
138
Example of deep dyslexia
read couch instead of chair
139
Is early attachment associated best as a critical period or sensitive period?
Sensitive period; the child can compensate later in other relationships
140
autonomous attachment
(high coherence and consistency)
Coherent descriptions of their childhood relationships with their parents
Children exhibit a secure attachment
141
preoccupied attachment
(confused, incoherent) Become very angry or confused when describing their childhood relationships with parents or seem passively preoccupied with a parent
are overly concerned with the attachment memories but “get lost” while they are talking, often losing their line of thought
Children exhibit a resistant/ambivalent attachment pattern
142
dismissing attachment
(contradictions and lapses in memory)
Positive description of their childhood relations with their parents, but the descriptions are their not supported or are contradicted by specific memories
Children exhibit an avoidant attachment pattern
143
Kubler-Ross stages of grief
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
144
Sapir-Whorf hhypothesis
our language influences and shapes our cultural reality by limiting our thought processes
ex: sexist language like fireman, male nurse
145
James-Lange theory
stimulating events trigger a physical reaction. The physical reaction is then labeled with a corresponding emotion
