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PSYC 301 > Neuroplasticity etc. > Flashcards

Neuroplasticity etc. Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroplasticity definition

A

brain’s capacity to alter its structure and function in response to environmental demands

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1
Q

6 principles of neuroplasticity

A

experience-dependent; dose dependency of magnitude and durability of change; may lessen in adulthood but can happen at any age; critical windows; reliance of brain functions on certain regions; not always good

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2
Q

Critical windows in brain injury rehabilitation

A

period of time wherein the brain is most neuroplastic and there is high potential for recovery

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3
Q

Effect of function distribution on neuroplasticity

A

the more distributed a function, the greater the likelihood that the neural networks underlying the function will be flexible after a brain injury

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4
Q

4 ways in which neuroplasticity happens in healthy people

A

increased chemical signaling; changing brain structure (e.g. synaptic connectivity, dendritic length and density); clusters of neurons become more readily excitable; neurogenesis

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5
Q

Neurogenesis

A

growth of new neurons

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6
Q

2 phenomena in brain injury recovery

A

repair of partially damaged brain tissue (e.g. restored function in stroke penumbra, remyelination after MS attack); same neuroplasticity mechanisms (primarily changing brain structure) as in healthy people

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7
Q

6 ways to facilitate neuroplasticity

A

electrical stimulation; robotic exoskeletons; video games; medications; exercise; stem cells

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8
Q

What is research on neurological disorders focused on?

A

biomarkers; genetics; drug a vs b; optimal timing, dose, type of rehabilitation

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9
Q

5 social determinants of health

A

healthcare access and quality; neighborhood and built environment; social and community context; economic stability; education access and quality

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10
Q

How do indigenous communities view dementia?

A

as a part of the “circle of life” or normal aging

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11
Q

What do indigenous peoples believe are the causes of dementia?

A

normal aging, adoption of Western diet, less active lifestyle, environmental pollutants, trauma, etc.

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12
Q

3 indigenous beliefs about treatment for dementia

A

caregiving supported by cultural values of interdependence and reciprocity; emphasis on acceptance and adaption; traditional remedies and ceremonies essential to wellness

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13
Q

6 types of brain injury rehabilitation that is culturally appropriate for Indigenous communities

A

attention to spiritual health as part of overall wellness; active role for injured person; shared decision-making; individualized traditional healing practices; learning to live well vs fixing problems; incorporation of traditional healers in the healthcare system

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14
Q

Remediation vs compensation

A

restoring deficits through mass or repetitive practice; mitigating impact of deficits in daily life

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15
Q

4 things to consider for cognitive remediation to maximize neuroplasticity

A

timing, dose, difficulty of task, task type (most effective when there’s variety)

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16
Q

Far transfer problem

A

difficulty showing therapeutic improvements on cognitive remediation tasks (e.g. less improvement the farther from the task)

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17
Q

Findings on computerized cognitive training by Cochrane Library

A

low-quality evidence for small benefits immediately after training but no long-term benefits or far-transfer

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18
Q

Prevalence of mental health problems

A

20-50% across people with neurological conditions; 1.5 to 5x the general population

19
Q

Risk factors of mental health problems

A

pre-injury mental health history, social support, severity of brain dysfunction (though has a weak and sometimes reverse correlation e.g. anosognosia protects from depression)

20
Q

Etiology of mental health problems

A

reactive psychological mechanism and brain damage (e.g. altered monoamine production, HPA axis function, prefrontal-subcortical circuit connectivity)

21
Q

Symptoms of MDD

A

persistent low mood and/or anhedonia; changes in appetite/weight; fatigue; psychomotor agitation or retardation; insomnia or excessive sleep

22
Q

Symptoms of PTSD

A

hyperarousal, re-experiencing, avoidance, dissociative subtype (depersonalization, disengagement)

23
Q

Overlapping symptoms of MDD and PTSD

A

anhedonia, concentration difficulties, memory impairment, sleep disturbances, distorted cognition (guilt), depressive and negative thoughts (self-blame, worthlessness, death, suicide)

24
Q

Relationship between mental health problems and neurological diseases

A

bidirectional (neurological disease causes mental health problems; mental health problems amplify impairments like cognition, ADLs, mobility)

25
Q

7 stages of grief with loss from brain injury

A

shock, denial, frustration, depression (common but not inevitable), experiment, decision, integration

26
Q

2 ways of coping after brain injury

A

adaptive or maladaptive

27
Q

Adaptive coping strategies

A

problem-solving, using emotional support, humor, positive reframing

28
Q

Effects of adaptive coping

A

positive affect, high self-esteem, healthy relationships

29
Q

Maladaptive coping strategies

A

venting, self-distraction, substance abuse, avoiding/disengaging

30
Q

Effects of maladaptive coping

A

negative affect, mental health disorders, interpersonal dysfunction

31
Q

3 treatments for psychological problems in patients with brain dysfunction

A

antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, aerobic exercise

32
Q

Examples of antidepressant medications

A

SSRIs, SNRIs (serotonin and norepinephrine)

33
Q

Examples of psychotherapy

A

cognitive behavioral therapy; acceptance and commitment therapy; mindfulness-based therapies

34
Q

Therapy modifications for attention, concentration, alertness problems

A

breaks during sessions; shorter length of sessions; increase frequency of sessions

35
Q

Therapy modifications for communication problems

A

clear and structured questioning; use of visual resources; emphasis on behavioral techniques

36
Q

Therapy modifications for memory problems

A

therapy notebook or folder for client; memory aids (e.g. written notes, audiotapes); summarize and repeat salient points

37
Q

What is exercise effective for?

A

various neurological conditions (e.g. MCI, stroke, TBI, etc.); improves cognition, balance, mood, etc.

38
Q

What kind of exercise is most effective?

A

aerobic or combined with resistance training better than resistance training alone

39
Q

Mechanism behind exercise

A

multiple mechanisms of action (e.g. increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression, functional connectivity, cerebral blood flow)

40
Q

What is good nutrition effective for?

A

prevention of aging and neurological disorders (e.g. AD, parkinson’s, autism, migraine, depression, schizophrenia)

41
Q

MIND diet and effectiveness

A

combination of mediterranean and DASH diets; may protect the brain from AD and dementia but not as promising

42
Q

How can we make lifestyle interventions more effective?

A

multicomponent programs (rather than single-domain) that focus more on adherence (sustained behavior change); begin intervention in mid-life; target people with behavioral risk factors for dementia

43
Q

Findings from FINGER study

A

found that a multifaceted lifestyle intervention (e.g. nutritional counseling, exercise, cognitive training) worked well

44
Q

Impact of an enriched vs standard environment

A

having a lot of things to do results in greater dendritic branches in the brain

45
Q

Modalities of art-based neurorehabilitation

A

dance, music, visual arts, writing, drama

46
Q

Examples of benefits of music for neurorehabilitation

A

high-groove music improves gait synchronicity in Parkinson’s; playing piano or guitar improves finger coordination after stroke; patients with MS better remember sung vs spoken words

PSYC 301 (14 decks)

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