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PSYC 301 > Memory and movement disorders > Flashcards

Memory and movement disorders Flashcards

1
Q

3 stages of memory

A

sensory, working, and long-term

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2
Q

Sensory memory

A

retention of environmental stimuli one attends to for 25-2000 ms with a large capacity

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3
Q

Working memory

A

retention of information one selectively attends to for 15-30 s with a limited capacity of 7(+ or - 2) units if repeatedly rehearsed

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4
Q

Long-term memory

A

information that is encoded and stored for an infinite period of time and unlimited capacity but may decay over time leading to retrieval failures

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5
Q

2 main memory systems

A

short-term/working and long-term memory

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6
Q

2 main branches of LTM

A

explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative)

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7
Q

Explicit vs implicit meory

A

consciously recalling information; demonstrating evidence of information through behavior without describing it

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8
Q

Types of explicit memory

A

episodic (retrospective, prospective) and semantic

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9
Q

Retrospective episodic memory

A

retention of specific personal experiences in the past minutes, days, or years from a first-person perspective, which includes time and place, and involves autonoetic consciousness (mental time travel)

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10
Q

Prospective episodic memory

A

remembering to do something at a particular moment in the future or the timely execution of a previously formed intention

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11
Q

3 behaviors operationally involved in prospective memory

A

formation of intention, delay (intention leaves focus of attention), task execution

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12
Q

Characteristics of semantic memory

A

non-contextual knowledge (i.e. facts); no autonoetic consciousness; semanticization; less dependent on medial temporal structures for retrieval; material-specific deficits possible

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13
Q

Semanticization

A

episodic memories become decontextualized over time

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14
Q

Types of implicit memory

A

procedural, conditioning, priming

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15
Q

Procedural memory

A

acquisition of skills/habits from repeated practice that become resistant to decay

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16
Q

Conditioning

A

reactions resulting from reinforcements or formed associations between stimuli that co-occurs over time

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17
Q

Priming

A

facilitation of task performance induced by recent exposure to a previous stimulus

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18
Q

Roles of hippocampus vs cortex in memory

A

more involved in initial acquisition of information; more involved in consolidation

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19
Q

Contributions of the frontal systems of the brain

A

working memory, organization at encoding, source memory, strategic search at retrieval from LTM

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20
Q

Brain regions involved in semantic vs episodic memory that affect encoding and consolidation

A

cerebral cortex and limbic structures; prefrontal cortex and limbic system

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21
Q

Brain regions involved in semantic vs episodic memory that affect retrieval

A

left frontotemporal cortex; right frontotemporal cortex and limbic regions

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22
Q

Diseases associated with damage in the medial temporal cortex

A

alzheimer’s, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, anoxia, limbic encephalitis, korsakoff’s disease

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23
Q

Memory problems caused by damage in the medial temporal cortex

A

encoding and consolidation of episodic memory

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24
Q

Diseases associated with damage in the frontal-subcortical system

A

TBI, multiple sclerosis, HIV/AIDS, vascular MCI, parkinson’s, huntington’s

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25
Q

Memory problems caused by damage in the frontal-subcortical system

A

retrieval and working memory

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26
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

inability to consciously reactivate information that was consolidated a long time ago; follows a temporal gradient

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27
Q

Temporal gradient in retrograde amnesia

A

recently formed memories are unaffected while older memories (before the onset of amnesia) are more sensitive to disruption

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28
Q

Diseases that co-occur with retrograde amnesia

A

TBI, korsakoff’s, advanced dementia, ECT, and usually anterograde amnesia (except for psychogenic amnesia)

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29
Q

Confabulation

A

presenting distorted/false information due to unintentional episodic misremembering

30
Q

Brain regions damaged in confabulation

A

medial temporal and frontal cortex

31
Q

Diseases involving confabulation

A

ACommA, korsakoff’s

32
Q

2 pyramidal tracts

A

corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract

33
Q

Pathway of corticospinal tract

A

primary motor cortex > corona radiata > medulla > synapses at spinal cord into lateral and anterior corticospinal tract > lower motor neuron for movement of limbs and trunk

34
Q

Representation of lower vs upper extremities in the motor cortex

A

lower extremities (e.g. foot, toes, genitals) are more medial while upper extremities (e.g. head, neck, arm, shoulder) are more lateral

35
Q

Pathway of corticobulbar tract

A

primary motor cortex > corona radiata > medulla > synapses on lower motor neurons of cranial nerves for movement of muscles in face, head, and neck

36
Q

Type of deficits caused by pyramidal tract lesions

A

contralateral motor deficits

37
Q

3 types of corticospinal tract lesions

A

weakness, increased tone (spasticity or stiff muscles), increased reflexes in affected region

38
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion

A

weakness, increased reflexes and tone but no atrophy and fasciculations (muscle twitching)

39
Q

Lower motor neuron lesion

A

weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, decreased reflexes and tone

40
Q

4 signs of a stroke

A

FACE (face dropping, ability to raise arms, slurred speech, time to call 911 asap)

41
Q

-paresis vs -plegia

A

weakness (partial paralysis); complete paralysis

42
Q

Palsy

A

weakness or complete paralysis due to lower motor neuron lesion

43
Q

Results of basal ganglia damage

A

contralateral movement disorder, weakness and involuntary movements, cognitive and behavioral changes

44
Q

2 main categories of basal ganglia disorders

A

hypokinetic (less than normal movement) and hyperkinetic

45
Q

Deficit caused by lesions to lateral cerebellum

A

limb incoordination

46
Q

Deficit caused by lesions to medial cerebellum

A

trunk and posture problems

47
Q

Deficits caused by general lesions to the cerebellum

A

ipsilateral deficits (due to double crossing) like ataxic gait, intention tremor, nystagmus, scanning speech

48
Q

Nystagmus

A

eyes make uncontrolled repetitive movements

49
Q

Scanning speech

A

abnormal pattern of speech wherein there’s a pause after every syllable

50
Q

2 disorders involving increased muscle tone

A

spasticity and rigidity

51
Q

Spasticity

A

velocity-dependent resistance to passive muscle stretch

52
Q

Rigidity

A

resistance to passive movement that doesn’t vary with velocity or force

53
Q

5 hyperkinetic movement disorders

A

tremor, tics, myoclonus, chorea, athetosis

54
Q

Tremor

A

rhythmic oscillations caused by intermittent muscle contractions

55
Q

Tics

A

paroxysmal or sudden stereotyped muscle contractions (temporarily suppressible)

56
Q

Myoclonus

A

shock-like arrhythmic twitches

57
Q

Chorea

A

dance-like unpatterned movements; seen in parkinson’s and affects the putamen

58
Q

Athetosis

A

continuous writhing movements to maintain posture; seen in parkinson’s and affects the putamen

59
Q

Tremor

A

rhythmic muscle contractions

60
Q

3 types of tremors

A

essential, resting, action

61
Q

Essential vs resting vs action tremors

A

constant, bilateral, symmetric; happens when skeletal muscle is at rest (e.g. parkinson’s); happens during voluntary movement

62
Q

3 types of gait disorders

A

spastic/hemiplegic, ataxic, parkinsonian

63
Q

Spastic/hemiplegic gait

A

stiff-legged and decreased arm swings on same side; seen in MCA stroke and cerebral palsy

64
Q

Ataxic gait

A

wide-based, staggering, unsteady; seen in cerebellar stroke/tumor, alcohol intoxication

65
Q

Parkinsonian gait

A

shuffling, narrow-based; seen in parkinson’s, progressive supranuclear palsy, neuroleptic drugs

66
Q

Apraxia

A

inability to perform previously learned, sequential motor movements (e.g. using familiar objects correctly or carrying out familiar multi-step actions); not explained by weakness or motor incoordination

67
Q

Treatments for upper limb weakness

A

constraint-induced movement therapy and mirror therapy

68
Q

Treatments for fine motor incoordination

A

functional dexterity tasks

69
Q

Treatments for spasticity

A

splints and botulinum toxin type A (botox)

70
Q

Treatment for hyperkinetic movement disorders

A

deep brain stimulation

71
Q
A

PSYC 301 (14 decks)

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