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Neuro 3 > Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular level neuroplasticity

A

upregulation of proteins

gene expression

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2
Q

Single neuron level

A

synaptic plasticity

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3
Q

Network level

A

cortical maps

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4
Q

Systems level

A

within and across systems of CNS

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5
Q

Principles of Training

A

many reps
progressive level of challenge
allow for success most of time/some failure
motivation/reward/meaningful goals

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6
Q

Other considerations for learning

A

sleep - consolidation of memories
rest periods - incorporation of memories
limit interference

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7
Q

Synaptic plasticity - increase in motor cortex; when?

A

dendritic branching, spine density
perforated synapses
synapses with multiple synaptic boutons

after environmental enrichment or learning of specific motor tasks

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8
Q

Synaptic plasticity mechanisms

A

synaptic activity (2nd messenger systems) –> enzyme activation –> gene expression –> protein synthesis –> cell changes

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9
Q

Synaptic plasticity - cell changes

A 
dendritic branching
synaptogenesis
collateral growh
neurotransmitter
receptor
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10
Q

Synaptic plasticity - ST changes

A

min to hrs
upregulation of NTs/receptors
protein synthesis increases

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11
Q

Synaptic plasticity - LT changes/potentiation

A

days or longer
collateral growth
spine and synapse formation

potentiation - less input needed to generate same output = learning

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12
Q

Timeline with Skill Training

A

7 days - synapse
10 days - maps
within minutes - protein synthesis

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13
Q

Endurance Training

A

angiogenesis in M1
reduce motor thresholds in SC
NO change in motor map

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14
Q

Lesion

A

recovery of function –> minimizing impairment
OR
compensation –> adaptation to impairment

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15
Q

Phase of Recovery: Rescue and Salvage

A

few hours - tPA, neuroprotection
neural shock
penumbra

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16
Q

Phase of Recovery: Repair and Recovery

A

days to weeks to months
behavioral and pharmalogical
max adaptive plasticity

17
Q

Vicariation of Function (adaptive plasticity): distribution of motor cortex changes

A

changes in motor maps
competitive process
use dependent plasticity

18
Q

Vicariation of Function (adaptive plasticity): growth of novel circuits

A

new pathways formed

circuitry of brain changes

19
Q

Secondary cell death

A

excitotoxicity
formation of O2 free radicals
2ndary ischemic damage

20
Q

Diaschisis

A

inhibition of neurons related to damaged area (due to neural shock, edema, loss of blood flow, partial denervation)
more likely to happen with sudden insult
reversible

21
Q

Wallerian Degeneration

A

primary damage

22
Q

Transneuronal Changes

A

increased synaptic efficiency of remaining synapses
denervation supersensitivity - receptor upregulation
unmasking of silent synapses
collateral sprouting from adjacent neurons

23
Q

TMS

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation
used in humans to measure changes in cortical motor maps
induce ion flow across membranes of cortical neuron (ion exchange causes APs to generate)

24
Q

Aging Machinery

A

decline in function seen with aging is inevitable and irreversible

25
Q

Negative Plasticity

A

some effects of aging acquired and reversible (plasticity is 2 way street)

26
Q

Negative Plasticity Changes

A

disuse - dependence on already mastered skills
degraded inputs from periphery - changes in ability to integrate stimuli
negative learning - loss of ability to change to environment/new situations; maladaptive compensating behaviors

27
Q

Reverse negative plastic changes

A 
intense training
many trials
motivation and reward
success more of time
demanding, novel tasks
human trials = improvement with speech and memory
28
Q

LBP and Neuroplasticity

A

skilled exercise (arm movements) enhance anticipatory TA activation and changes in motor map

29
Q

Aerobic Exercise and Neuroplasticity

A

elevated levels of BDNF

improved cognitive function in older adults, people post-stroke, women with mild cognitive impairment

30
Q

Aerobic Exercise and Neuroplasticity: increased

A

brain volume in older adults
recovery post-stroke
efficiency of dopamine utilization in PD

Neuro 3 (4 decks)

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