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PHYSIOLOGY MED1 > Neurophysiology II > Flashcards

Neurophysiology II Flashcards

1
Q

Which sensory pathway is considered as the most rapid conduction in any pathway in the CNS?

A

Spinocerebellar pathway

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2
Q

Which of the 2 spinocerebellar tracts is excited mainly by motor signals arriving in the anterior horns of the spinal cord instead of peripheral receptors?

A

Ventral spinocerebellar (G683)

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3
Q

In the descending control of ascending pain pathways, presynaptic action might prevent release of ______ from nociceptors.

A

substance P

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4
Q

Which Central Somatosensory Pathway conveys information about fine-touch and vibratory sensations?

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemnisci Pathway

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5
Q

Thalamic nucleus responsible for proprioception

A

VPS

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6
Q

Thalamic nucleus responsible for Pain and Temperature

A

VPI

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7
Q

Thalamic nucleus responsible for fine touch sensation from the face

A

VPM

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8
Q

Thalamic nucleus responsible for fine touch and vibration from the body

A

VPL

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9
Q

Which ionic channel is upregulated with neuropathic pain?

A

Na+ channels

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10
Q

Type of pain caused by activity in the neural pathways in response to potentially tissue damaging stimuli

A

Nociceptive pain

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11
Q 
Which of the following is considered Neuropathic pain?
A. Post-operative pain
B. Post-herpetic pain
C. Mechanical low back pain
D. Sports / exercise injuries
E. Sickle cell crisis
A 
B. Post-herpetic pain
Other examples:
● Neuropathic low back pain
● Distal polyneuropathy
● Central post-stroke pain
● Complex regional pain syndrome
● Trigeminal neuralgia
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12
Q

Tract that excites motor neurons that supply extensor muscles of the proximal part of the limb that are important for postural control

A

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

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13
Q

Tract that receives sensory input from the labyrinth (chiefly from the semicircular canals) to function in mediating adjustments in head position in response to angular acceleration of the head

A

Medial vestibulospinal tract

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14
Q

Rexed lamina targets of Aδ fibers

A 
Lamina I (marginal nucleus; the most dorsal)
Lamina V (neck of the dorsal horn)
Lamin X (around central canal)
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15
Q

Rexed lamina targets for C fibers

A

Lamina I and II

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16
Q

In the gate control theory of pain, which neurotransmitter is released with the activation of the large fibers?

A

GABA

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17
Q

Approximate limits of temperature prior to being perceived as pain

A

43°C and 15°C

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18
Q

Pain axonal fiber class that is sensitive to heat and mechanical stimuli

A

C mechanoheat-sensitive fibers (also called polymodal fibers).

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19
Q

Reflex responsible for a compensatory response of the neck muscles when head motion is sensed by the vestibular organs in the inner ear.

A

Vestibulocollic reflex

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20
Q

Tract responsible for the compensatory response of the neck muscles when head motion is sensed by the vestibular organs in the inner ear.

A

Medial vestibulospinal tract = vestibulocollic reflex

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21
Q

Term for the conversion of any sensory input to electrical signal that is eventually transmitted to nervous system

A

Transduction

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22
Q

4 physiologic processes undergone by sensory stimuli:

A

Transduction
Transmission
Modulation
Perception

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23
Q

Cells that have been found to express Piezo 2 channel protein

A

Low-threshold and nociceptive-type of cells

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24
Q

Mechanotransducer protein found in main proprioceptors

A

Piezo 2

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25
Q

The channel protein underlying the transduction for cutaneous mechanical rapidly adapting responses because it forms a non-selective cation pore that opens in response to mechanical stimuli

A

Piezo 2

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26
Q

The mechanotransducer protein that belongs to DEG/ENaC family (sodium family)

A

Acid-sensing Ion Channel Proteins (ASIC)

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27
Q

Receptor protein activated by capsaicin

A

TRPV1

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28
Q

Receptor protein activated by camphor

A

TRPV3

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29
Q

Receptor protein activated by menthol

A

TRPM8

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30
Q

Receptor protein activated by mustard oil

A

TRPA1

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31
Q

What are the excitatory voltage-gated channels

A

Na+ and Ca++

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32
Q

What is the inhibitory voltage-gated channel?

A

K+ channels

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33
Q

Where are the locomotor regions of the brainstem located?

A

from subthalamus to the medulla

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34
Q

At which level of the midbrain is the locomotor region located?

A

inferior colliculus

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35
Q

Sequence of activation of locomotion via the midbrain locomotor region

A

▪ Motor cortex → corticobulbar fibers → midbrain locomotor region → reticular formation → reticulospinal tracts → SC

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36
Q

2 classifications of the somatosensory nervous system, wherein the classification is the type of information they carry

A

Fine Discriminatory Touch Sensations

Pain and Temperature Sensations

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37
Q

Identify the functional subdivision of the S-I Cortex or Primary Somatosensory Cortex for:

cutaneous input

A

3b & 1

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38
Q

Identify the functional subdivision of the S-I Cortex or Primary Somatosensory Cortex for:

muscle and joint input

A

3a & 2

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39
Q

Higher percentage of cells in this cortical area involve in planning of movement with external cues (from the environment)

A

Premotor cortex

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40
Q

Higher percentage of cells in this cortical area involve in planning of movement with internal cues

A

Supplementary motor cortex

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41
Q

Postural reflex with the rotation of the head activating sensory receptors of the semicircular canals

A

Vestibular reflex

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42
Q

Postural reflex that generate eye movements and postural adjustments

A

Vestibular reflex

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43
Q

Vestibular reflexes are mediated by which descending tracts?

A

lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts and the reticulospinal tracts

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44
Q

A disease that irritates the left labyrinth will cause the person to tend to fall to which side?

A

Right

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45
Q

Any disease that eliminates labyrinthine function in the right ear will cause the person to tend to fall to which side?

A

right

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46
Q

Descending tract that activates extensor muscles that support posture

A

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

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47
Q

Descending tract that causes contractions of neck muscles that oppose the induced movement

A

Medial vestibulospinal tract

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48
Q

These reflexes are activated by the muscle spindles found in neck muscles

A

Tonic Neck reflexes

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49
Q

If the neck is bent to the left, the extensor muscles in which limbs contract more?

A

Left

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50
Q

These reflexes tend to restore an altered position of the head and body toward normal

A

Righting reflex

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51
Q

Neural circuits in the spinal cord for locomotion

A

Central pattern generators

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52
Q

Transduction of thermal or mechanical to electrical signal by generator or receptor potentials occurs in the distal end of axons of which order of somatosensory neurons?

A

1st

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53
Q

The 3rd order neurons project to which part of the cortex

A

Primary somatosensory cortex (S-1)

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54
Q

3 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SOMATOSENSORY NS Based on distribution of Receptors:

A

Enteroceptive
Exteroceptive
Proprioceptive

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55
Q

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SOMATOSENSORY NS Based on distribution of Receptors: contact of skin with external world

A

Exteroceptive

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56
Q

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SOMATOSENSORY NS Based on distribution of Receptors: provides info about body and limb position and movement

A

Proprioceptive

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57
Q

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SOMATOSENSORY NS Based on distribution of Receptors: monitors internal state of the body

A

Enteroceptive

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58
Q

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SOMATOSENSORY NS Based on the type of information they carry:

A

Fine Discriminatory Touch sensations

Pain and Temperature sensations

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59
Q 
Which of the following is not under the classification of Fine Discriminatory Touch Sensation?
A. Tension
B. Pressure
C. Vibration
D. Flutter
E. NOTA
A

E. NOTA (also includes light or crude touch and stretch)

60
Q 
Which of the following is not under the classification of Pain and Temperature Sensation?
A. Stretch
B. Innocuous
C. Itch
D. Noxious
E. NOTA
A

A. Stretch is under fine discriminatory

Pain and Temp class include:
noxious, innocuous cold and warmth, mechanical and chemical pain and itch
61
Q

Nerve Fiber class for fine discriminatory sensation NS subdivision (specify diameter and myelination)

A

Large-diameter, myelinated fibers in A-beta class

62
Q

Nerve Fiber class for pain and temperature sensation NS subdivision (specify diameter and myelination)

A

Small-diameter, lightly myelinated A-delta fibers and unmyelinated C fibers

63
Q

Ascending somatosensory tract for pain, thermal and tactile information to the superior colliculus for spinovisual reflexes

A

Spinotectal tract

64
Q

Ascending tract for indirect afferent info to reach cerebellum

A

Spino-olivary tract

65
Q

Known as low-frequency vibration

A

Flutter

66
Q

Type of response to low-threshold mechanoreceptors that involve continuous AP for the duration of the stimulus

A

Slow-adapting response

67
Q

Type of response to low-threshold mechanoreceptors that involve burst of AP at onset or removal of tactile stimulus

A

Fast-adapting response

68
Q

region of skin from which stimuli can evoke a response

A

Receptive field

69
Q

Type of receptive field that is particular in glabrous skin

A

Type 1 unit

70
Q

Type of receptive field that is that is ideal for 2-point discrimination due to its sharp-decreasing sensitivity at border

A

Type 1 unit

71
Q

Type of receptive field that underlies special acuity with small receptive field

A

Type 1

72
Q

Type of receptive field that contains wide fields with poorly defined borders

A

Type 2

73
Q

Type of receptive field that covers most or all of a finger

A

Type 2 unit

74
Q

Four main classes of low-threshold mechanosensitive afferents

A

FA1 - fine touch and low-frequency vibration
FA2 - gross pressure and high-frequency vibrations
SA1 - sustained light touch
SA2 - sustained pressure of skin stretch

75
Q

Specific class of low-threshold mechanosensitive afferent for skin stretch

A

SA2

76
Q

Specific class of low-threshold mechanosensitive afferent found below epidermis

A

FA1 - Meissner corpuscles

77
Q

Specific class of low-threshold mechanosensitive afferent for high-frequency vibrations

A

FA2 - Pacinian corpuscles

78
Q

Specific class of low-threshold mechanosensitive afferent found in basal epidermis for sustained light touch

A

SA1 - Merkel discs

79
Q

receptor for the class of low-threshold mechanosensitive afferent responsible for sustained pressure and stretch

A

Ruffini endings

80
Q

Which class of low-threshold mechanosensitive afferent are different in hairy skin?

A

FA

FA2 - not found in hairy
FA1 - hair and field units

81
Q

Specific class of low-threshold mechanosensitive afferent for hairy units

A

FA1

82
Q

Location of FA2 in hairy skin

A

muscles and blood vessels (deep tissues)

83
Q

Threshold distance is most closely related to _____ of type 1 units

A

density

84
Q

Area of the skin innervated by sensory fibers of a spinal

nerve

A

Dermatome

85
Q

T/F:
transection of a single dorsal root causes little sensory
loss in the corresponding dermatome

A

T:
Dermatome receives its densest innervation from the corresponding spinal cord segment but also receives from adjacent spinal segments

86
Q

Dermatome of inguinal or groin

A

T12

87
Q

Dermatome spinal level of lateral margin of foot and little toe

A

S1

88
Q

The large myelinated primary afferent fibers assume a (medial/lateral?) position in the dorsal root

A

medial

89
Q

Group of muscles innervated by the motor fibers of a spinal nerve

A

Myotomes

90
Q

The deep somatic tract innervated by the same signal spinal nerve

A

Sclerotome

91
Q

Dermatome-like regions in the face are innervated by peripheral processes of neurons in which ganglion?

A

trigeminal ganglion (also called the Gasserian or semilunar ganglion)

92
Q

Trigeminal nuclear complex division that is analogous to dorsal root ganglion

A

mesencephalic division

The mesencephalic nucleus actually contains first-order neurons & thus is analogous to a dorsal root ganglion

93
Q

Pain & temp sensation from the face runs to which nucleus?

A

Spinal nucleus (trigeminal)

94
Q

Trigeminal nucleus that controls jaw-jerk reflexes, proprioception

A

Mesencephalic nucleus

95
Q

Course through which trigeminal nucleus resembles the medial lemniscus pathway?

A

Main sensory
(Fine touch, pressure, 2-point discrimination)
→ Fibers of CN V (1st order) enters brainstem → synapse with main sensory nucleus (2nd order) in pons → cross to opposite side → ascend to thalamus (VPM)

96
Q

Course through the spinal nucleus of CN V resembles the which ascending pathway?

A

spinothalamic pathway
→ Fibers of CN V (1st order) enters brainstem → synapse with spinal nucleus (2nd order) in medulla and releases glutamate or sub. P → cross to opposite side → ascend to thalamus

97
Q

Neurotransmitters released with the synapsing of CN V fibers in the spinal nucleus

A

Glutamate and Substance P

98
Q

How is the central somatosensory pathways categorized?

A

By main pathways for:

  • cutaneous information
  • proprioception and tactile information
99
Q

Main pathways for cutaneous information:

A 
Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway
Spinothalamic pathway (anterolateral system)
100
Q

Central somatosensory pathway that conveys crude touch information from the body

A

Spinothalamic (anterolateral system) pathway

101
Q

Pathway that partially overlaps with dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

A

Spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar pathways

102
Q

These refer to axons of dorsal column nuclear projection neurons that exit the nuclei as they sweep ventrally and then medially to cross the midline at the same medullary level as the nuclei

A

Internal arcuate fibers

103
Q

The internal arcuate fibers, after crossing the midline, form the _________ which project rostrally to the thalamus

A

medial lemniscus

104
Q

The main sensory nucleus relays tactile information to the contralateral ventral posterior medial (VPM) thalamic nucleus by way of the _________ tract

A

trigeminothalamic tract

105
Q

The most important sensory pathway for nocireceptors and thermoreceptors from the body transmits input to the which thalamic nucleus?

A

VPI = anterolateral spinothalamic pathway

106
Q

SC (Rexed) laminae for anterolateral system in the dorsal horn

A

Primarily I and IV to VI

107
Q

Corresponding NT in the substantia gelatinosa for acute and chronic pain

A 
Acute = glutamate
Chronic = substance P
108
Q

Fibers of the anterolateral system from 1st order neurons travel via the dorsal spinal nerve roots and ascend or descend 1-2 segments in ___________ tract

A

Lissauer’s Tract

109
Q

Cortex that are involved in affective responses for nociceptive signals

A

cingulate and insular cortices

- have limbic system functions

110
Q

Among the 2 main central targets of proprioceptive information, which uses the information for motor coordination?

A

Cerebellum

111
Q

Among the 2 main central targets of proprioceptive information, which uses the information for the basis of conscious awareness of the body part (kinesthesia)?

A

Cerebral cortex

112
Q

For the trunk and lower limb, the spinocerebellar pathway starts with dorsal root ganglion cells whose axons synapse in:

A

Clarke’s column (nucleus dorsalis)

113
Q

To provide proprioceptive information from the lower limb to the cerebral cortex
→ The main axons of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract give off a branch in the medulla that terminates in ________ , which is just rostral to the nucleus gracilis

A

nucleus z

114
Q

The nucleus with axons of cells, which carry proprioceptive input, form part of the internal arcuate fibers and medial lemniscus and ascend to the VPL (ventral posterolateral) nucleus of the thalamus

A

Nucleus Z

115
Q

The 2 major nuclei of the Ventroposterior Nuclear Complex of the thalamus

A

→ Ventral Posterolateral (VPL) – Major nuclei
▪ Input: Medial Lemniscus
→ Ventral Posteromedial (VPM) – Major nuclei
▪ Input: Trigeminothalamic Tract

116
Q

Minor nucleus of the Ventroposterior Nuclear Complex of the thalamus

A

Ventral Posterior Inferior (VPI) – Minor Nuclei

▪ Input: Spinothalamic Tract

117
Q

VPL and VPM nuclei contain what type of interneurons?

A

GABAergic inhibitory

118
Q

One of the MAIN SOMATOSENSORY RECEIVING AREAS OF THE CORTEX that is located at the postcentral gyrus, above the lateral fissure

A

S-I cortex (primary)

119
Q

One of the MAIN SOMATOSENSORY RECEIVING AREAS OF THE CORTEX in the superior bank of the lateral fissure

A

S-II (secondary)

120
Q

Compound that enhance the sensitivity of pain endings but not directly excite them

A

Prostaglandin

121
Q

Type of nociceptors for bradykinin, serotonin, histamine, K+, H+, PG, ACh, proteolytic enzymes

A

Chemical pain receptors

122
Q

pain from non-painful stimuli

A

allodynia

123
Q

STT originates from second-order neurons located in the spinal cord primarily Rexed laminae

A

I, IV to VI

124
Q

Pharmacology:

Ca2+ channel blocker for neuropathic pain

A

Gabapentin

125
Q

Pharmacology:

Na+ channel blocker for pain

A

Lidocaine

126
Q

The descending pathway that modulates (gates) starts in the:

A

periaqueductal gray (PAG)

127
Q

These are neuropeptides that activate one of several types of opiate receptors.

A

Endogenous opioids

128
Q

Because motor neurons represent the ONLY route for CNS activity to control muscle activity, motor neurons have been termed the _________ pathway

A

final common

129
Q

The recruitment pattern in w/c the motor units are recruited in order of motor neuron axon size (smaller → larger axons)

A

Size principle

130
Q

The descending motor system that influences reflex arcs that control fine movement of the distal ends of limbs, as well as of those that activate supporting musculatures in the proximal ends of limbs

A

Lateral system

131
Q

Motor tract that supplies muscles of the lower part of the face and in the hypoglossal nucleus

A

Corticobulbar tract

132
Q

______ neurons receive input from the cerebellum and from the motor cortex; thus, making this an area of integration of activity from these two motor systems

A

Redu nucleus

133
Q

Descending system with interneurons that connect bilaterally with motor neurons that control the axial musculature and thereby contribute to balance and posture

A

Medial system

134
Q

The cells that give rise to the pontine reticulospinal tract are in the:

A

medial pontine reticular formation

135
Q

Tract that functions to excite motor neurons to the proximal extensor muscles to support posture

A

Pontine reticulospinal tract

136
Q

Tract that arises from neurons of the medial medulla, particularly those of the gigantocellularis reticular nucleus

A

Medullary reticulospinal tract

137
Q

Which of the pontine and medullary reticulospinal tract is mainly inhibitory?

A

Medullary reticulospinal tract

138
Q

This tract assists in postural adjustments after angular and linear accelerations of the head

A

Lateral vestibulospinal tract
● Excitatory input
→ From semicircular canals and otolith organs
● Inhibitory input; Excites motor neurons that supply extensor muscles of the proximal part of the limb that are important for postural control
→ Purkinje cells of the anterior vermis region of the cerebellar cortex; Inhibits flexor motor neurons

139
Q

Tract that mediates adjustments in head position in response to ANGULAR ACCELERATION of the head

A

Medial vestibulospinal tract

140
Q

Tract that regulates head movement in response to visual, auditory, and somatic stimuli

A

tectospinal tract

141
Q

These pathways may alter the responsiveness of spinal cord circuits, including the reflex arcs and induce widespread changes in excitability rather than discrete movements or specific changes in behavior

A

Monoaminergic pathways

142
Q

This nucleus reduces nociceptive transmission (via dorsal horn) and enhance motor activity (via ventral horn) with the NT serotonin

A

Raphe nucleus

143
Q

These are inhibitory nuclei that contain NE in neurons and projects to the spinal cord in the lateral funiculus

A

Locus coeruleus and Nucleus subcoeruleus

144
Q

If only the corticospinal tract is interrupted, as can occur with a lesion of the medullary pyramid, most of the UMNL signs are much (reduced or enhanced?)

A

reduced/absent

145
Q

Initial reduction in the tone of postural muscles & loss of righting reflexes occurs with lesion in which descending system?

A

Medial system

146
Q

Long term deficits that may result in medial system interruption

A

locomotor impairment and frequent falling

PHYSIOLOGY MED1 (15 decks)

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