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Vision science > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Thickness of the retina

A

0.2-0.5mm

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2
Q

Feed forward

A

Information is transmitted from photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells

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3
Q

Lateral flow

A

Horizontal and amacrine cell integration

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4
Q

feedback

A

Information from ganglion cells is transmitted back to the photoreceptors via interplexiform cells

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5
Q

Extracellular recording

A

Studies cells that respond with action potentials (amacrine and ganglion) by inserting an electrode in the retina near the cell without penetrating it

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6
Q

Intracellular recording

A

Studies cells that respond with graded potentials (photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells) by inserting a microelectrode into the cells and recording the change in electrical response

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7
Q

Resting membrane potential of photoreceptors (and why)

A

-50mV due to potassium diffusing out, sodium diffusing in, and additional sodium channels (CNG channels) for influx at the outer segments

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8
Q

Relative depolarization

A

Relative excitation, the state of photoreceptors in the dark

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9
Q

G-protein coupled receptors

A

Membrane proteins characterized by seven transmembrane domains or subunits

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10
Q

Isomerization

A

The process of absorbing light and undergoing a conformational change from 11-cis to all-trans that triggers phototransduction

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11
Q

Transducin

A

A g-protein that interacts with photopigments

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12
Q

cGMP purpose

A

Accumulation at sodium channels in outer segment keeps them partially open

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13
Q

Phosphodiesterase

A

Released from transducin and cleaves clusters of cGMP ultimately causing hyperpolarization of the cell

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14
Q

On-center bipolar cells

A

Respond with excitation when light falls on the center and inhibition when light falls on the surround

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15
Q

Glutamates effect on on-center bipolar cells

A

Inhibitory effect, when light shines, glutamate production decreases and bipolar cell becomes relatively excited

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16
Q

Glutamates effect on off-center bipolar cells

A

Excitatory

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17
Q

Spatial antagonism

A

When light exposure elicits opposite responses depending upon whether it falls in the receptive field center or periphery

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18
Q

Invaginating synapse

A

Formed by on-center bipolar cells with photoreceptors

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19
Q

Conventional flat synapse

A

Formed by off-center bipolar cells and photoreceptors

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20
Q

Synapse in inner layer of IPL

A

On-center bipolar cells and ganglion cells

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21
Q

Synapse in outer layer of IPL

A

Off-center bipolar cells and ganglion cells

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22
Q

Horizontal cells

A

enhance sharpness of images and contrast under photopic conditions, contributes to spatial summation, and responds with graded potentials

23
Q

H1 cells

A

Receive input from M and L cones, with little input from S cones

24
Q

H2 cells

A

Receive strong input from S cones, as well as input from M and L cones

25
Q

What do horizontal cells release

A

GABA upon excitation by glutamate

26
Q

GABA effects

A

Inhibitory to photoreceptors

Excites on center bipolar cells and on center ganglion cells

27
Q

Midget bipolar cells

A

receptive field center is a single M or L cone, surrounded by H1 cells
Excellent visual acuity and color vision

28
Q

Diffuse bipolar cells

A

Receptive field center is many M and L cones surrounded by H1 cells, making it bad at color vision

29
Q

S-cone bipolar cells

A

Synapse only with S cones, in central retina they receive input from a single s cone

30
Q

Transient response

A

Shown by many amacrine cells that is a brief increase in activity at stimulus on and offsets

31
Q

A2 cells

A

Use glycine, rods

32
Q

A17 cells

A

Use GABA, rods

33
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Summate electrical activity of the retina

34
Q

Parvo ganglion cells

A

Smaller, 75-80% of gc population, one to one connection with midget bipolar cells leading to high spatial resolution and color discrimination

35
Q

Magno ganglion cells

A

Larger, 10% of gc population, large receptive fields, receive more from rods

36
Q

Koniocellular ganglion cells

A

Small, bistratified, receive from s-cone bipolar cells

37
Q

Melanopsin ganglion cells

A

Photosensitive, control pupillary function and circadian rhythm

38
Q

On center midget bipolar synapse with

A

On center midget ganglion cell

39
Q

Off center midget bipolar synapse with

A

off center midget ganglion cells

40
Q

On center diffuse bipolar synapse with

A

on center magno gc

41
Q

Off center diffuse bipolar synapse with

A

off center magno gc

42
Q

s cone bipolar synapse with

A

koniocellular gc

43
Q

mGluR6

A

Receptor found on the ON-center bipolar cell that causes glutamate to have an inhibitory effect

44
Q

AMPA

A

Receptor found on OFF-center bipolar cells that causes glutamate to have an excitatory effect

45
Q

Retino-geniculo-striate pathway

A

Route from the retina to the dorsal LGN that leads to conscious vision

46
Q

Spatial summation

A

As you increase the diameter of the spot of light on the center of an ON cell (Or periphery of an OFF cell), the firing rate will increase until reaching the periphery (or the center)

47
Q

Which neuron color codes (P or M)?

48
Q

Which neuron has sustained temporal response (P or M)?

49
Q

Which neuron has high temporal sensitivity (P or M)?

50
Q

Which neuron has faster transmission speed (P or M)?

51
Q

Which neuron shows linearity (P or M)?

52
Q

Which neuron exhibits high spatial sensitivity (P or M)?

53
Q

Which neuron goes to the ventral 2 layers of the LGN (P or M)?

54
Q

Which neuron projects to 4 c beta (P or M)?

Vision science (13 decks)

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