Neurophysiology Flashcards
1
Q
Located in or near the effector organs
A
Parasympathetic Ganglia
2
Q
Located in the paravertebral ganglia
A
Sympathetic Ganglia
3
Q
Preganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system
A
T1-L3 spinal cord, thoracolumbar region
4
Q
Preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic nervous system
A
originate in nuclei of cranial nerves and in spinal cord segments S2-4 or craniosacral region
5
Q
Chromaffin cells
A
80% epinephrine
20% norepinephrine
6
Q
short preganglionic nerve axon
A
sympathetic
7
Q
long preganglionic nerve axon
A
parasympathetic
8
Q
long postganglionic nerve axon
A
sympathetic
9
Q
short postganglionic nerve axon
A
parasympathetic
10
Q
NT for sympathetics ub effector organs
A
NE, except in sweat glands, it is ACh
11
Q
Alpha-1 (Gen overview)
A
sympathetic, smooth muscle, Gq, increases IP3/Ca
12
Q
Alpha-2 (Gen overview)
A
sympathetic, GI tract, Gi, decreases cAMP
13
Q
Beta-1 (Gen overview)
A
sympathetic, heart, Gs, increases cAMP
14
Q
Beta-2 (Gen overview)
A
Sympathetic, smooth muscle (lungs), Gs, increases cAMP
15
Q
Nm (N1) (Gen overview)
A
Cholinergic, skeletal muscle, opens Na/K channels
16
Q
Nn (N2) (Gen overview)
A
Cholinergic, autonomic ganglia, opens Na/K channels
17
Q
M1 (Gen overview)
A
Cholinergic, CNS, Gq, increased IP3/Ca
18
Q
M2 (Gen overview)
A
Cholinergic, Heart, Gi, decreases cAMP
inhibitory to heart
19
Q
M3 (Gen overview)
A
Cholinergic, Glands & Sm Muscle, Gq, increase IP3/Ca
excitatory in sm muscle and glands
20
Q
Radial muscle of Iris
A
alpha-1 receptor
equally sensitive to epinephrine and NE but only NE is released from these neurons
21
Q
platelets and fat cells
A
Alpha-2 receptor, produce inhibition
22
Q
bronchial smooth muscle
A
Beta-2 receptors, cause relaxation, more sensitive to epinephrine
23
Q
Relaxation of Bladder Wall
A
Beta-2 Receptors
24
Q
In autonomic ganglia of sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
A
N2 receptor (Nn) also found in adrenal medulla
25
Receptor in NMJ
N1 (Nm)
26
alpha-1 agonist
NE, phenylephrine
27
alpha-1 antagonist
Phenoxybenzamine, Phentolamine, Prazosin
28
alpha-2 agonist
clonidine
29
alpha-2 antagonist
Yohimbe
30
Beta-1 Agonst
NE, Isoproterenol, Dobutamine
31
Beta-1 Antagonist
Propranolol, Metoprolol
32
Beta-2 agonist
isoproterenol and albuterol
33
Beta-2 antagonist
propranolol and butuxamine
34
Nicotinic Agonist
ACh, Nicotine, Carbachol
35
Nictonic Antagonist
Curare and Hexamethonium (ganglion not NMJ)
36
Muscarinic Agonist
ACh, Muscarine, Carbachol
37
Muscarinic Antagonist
Atropine
38
Receptor to increase HR, contractility, and AV node conduction
Beta-1 (sympathetic)
39
Receptor that contricts BV in skin and splanchnic
alpha-1 (sympathetic)
40
receptor that dilates BV in skeletal muscles
Beta-2 (sympathetic)
41
Receptor that decreases GI motility
alpha-2, beta-2 (sympathetic)
42
receptor that contricts sphincters in GI tract
alpha-1 (sympathetic)
43
receptor that dilates bronchiolar smooth muscle
beta-2 (sympathetic)
44
ejaculation receptor
alpha (sympathetic)
45
Receptor that relaxes bladder wall
beta-2 (sympathetic)
46
Receptor that constricts bladder sphincter
alpha-1 (sympathetic)
47
Receptor that increases sweating
M (sympathetic cholinergic)
48
Receptor that increases renin secretion
beta-1 (sympathetic)
49
Receptor that increases lipolysis
beta-1 (sympathetic)
50
Receptor that decreases HR, Contractility and AV node conduction
M2 (parasympathetic)
51
Receptor that increases GI motility and relaxes GI sphincters
M3 (parasympathetic)
52
Receptor that constricts bronchiolar smooth muscle
M3 (parasympathetic)
53
erection receptor
M (parasympathetic)
54
Receptor that contracts bladder wall
M3
55
Receptor that relaxes bladder sphincter
M3
56
Autonomic centers in the medulla
vasomotor, respiratory, swallowing, coughing and vomiting centers
57
Autonomic centers in the pons
pneumotaxic center
58
Autonomic centers in the midbrain
micturition
59
Autonomic centers in the hypothalamus
temperature regulation center, thirst and food intake
60
mechanoreceptors
pacinian corpuscles, joint receptors, stretch receptors in muscle, hair cells in auditory and vestibular systems, baroreceptors in carotid sinus
61
Photoreceptors
rods and cones of the retina
62
Chemoreceptors
Olfactory, taste, osmoreceptors, carotid body with O2 receptors
63
Nociceptors
extreme pain and temperature
64
A fiber - Ia
muscle spindle afferents, largest diameter, fastest, motor neuron
65
A fiber - Ib
golgi tendon organs, largest diameter and fastest
66
A fiber - II
touch and pressure, secondary afferent of muscle spindles, medium diameter and medium velocity
67
intrafusal fibers
gamma-MN, medium diameter and medium velocity
68
III (A-delta)
touch, pressure, fast pain, and temperature - small diameter, medium conduction velocity
69
B fibers
Preganglionic autonomic fibers, small diameter and medium conduction velocity
70
C fibers- IV
Slow pain; postganglionic autonomic fibers, smallest diameter and slowest conduction velocity
71
Onion like structures in the subcutaneous skin surrounding unmyelinated nerve endings
Pacinian Corpuscle, vibration and tapping, rapidly adapting
72
Receptor present in nonhairy skin
Meissner's corpuscle, senses velocity, rapidly adapting
73
Encapsulated mechanoreceptor that senses pressure
Ruffini's corpuscle, slowly adapting
74
Transducer is on epithelial cells, senses location
Merkel's Disk, slowly adapting
75
Substance P
NT for nociceptor, relief from opiods
76
Emmetropia
normal eye sight, light focuses on the retina
77
Hypertropia
far-sighted, light focuses behind the retina, correct with a convex lens
78
Myopia
near-sighted, light focuses in front of the retina, correct with a biconcave lens
79
Astigmatism
curvature of lens is not uniform, correct with cylindric lens
80
Presbyopia
loss of accommodation power of lens that occurs with aging.
| correct with a convex lens
81
Layers of Retina
Pigment layer, photorecptor layer, external limiting layer, outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion layer, optic nerve,
82
Layer of retina that converts 11-cis to all-trans retinal
pigment epithelial cells
83
Layer with rods and cones
Receptor cell layer
84
Fovea
highest acuity, ratio of cones to bipolar cells is 1:1
85
high acuity, less sensitivity
Cones - color, adapt first in dark
86
low acuity, high sensitivty
Rods - night vision, adapt later in dark
87
form local circuits with the bipolar cells
horizontal and amacrine cells
88
Cutting Optic nerve
causes blindness is IL eye
89
Cutting the Optic Chiasm
causes heteronymous bitemporal hemianopia
| TUNNEL VISION
90
Cutting Optic Tract
causes homonymous CL hemianopia
| meaning if you cut the righ toptic tract you can't see out of the left sides of both eyes
91
Cutting the geniculocalcarine tract
homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
| meaning, cut the left GC tract and will not see out of right side of eye but can see the middle dot of visual field
92
Necessary for regeneration of 11-cis retinal
vitamin A
93
On-center, Off-surround
light striking the center of the receptive field depolarizes (excites)the ganglion cell, light striking surround of receptive field hyperpolarizes(inhibits) the ganglion cell.
reverse for Off-center, On-surround
94
Visual Cx - Simple cells
respond best to bars of light that have the correct position and orientation
95
Visual Cx - Complex Cells
respond best to moving bars or edges of light with correct orientation
96
Visual Cx - Hypercomplex cells
respond best to line with particular length and to curves and angles
97
measurement of frequency
hertz
98
measurement of intensity
decibels
99
air filled part of ear
Middle ear, contains tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles
100
fluid filled part of ear
Inner ear, semicircular canals, cochlea, and vestibule
101
stapes insert on
Oval window, the membrane between middle and inner ear
102
Perilymph
scala vestibuli and scala tympani - high in Sodium
103
Scala media
contains endolymph, which has a high K
| Bordered by basilar membrane - site of organ of Corti
104
Hair cells arranged in single rows and are few in number
Inner hair cells on the organ of Corti
105
Hair cells arranged in parallel rows and are greater in number
Outer Hair cells on the organ of Corti
106
Spiral ganglion
Contains the cell bodies of the auditory nerve (CNVIII), which synapse on hair cells
107
Bending of cilia
K+ conductance, in 1 direction will hyperpolarizes, in the opposite will depolarize
108
Base of basilar membrane
High Frequencies
109
Apex of Basilar membrane
Low Frequencies, near the helicotrema
110
Medial Geniculate
Hearing
111
detect angular acceleration and rotation
semicircular canals - filled with endolymph
112
detect linear acceleration
saccule and utricle
113
Kinocilium
single long cilum associated with vestibular system
114
Direction of nystagmus
the direction of the fast (rapid eye) movement - occurs in the same direction as the head rotation
115
Postrotatory nystagmus
occur opposite direction of head rotation
116
Olfactory epithelium is innervated by what to detect noxious or painful stimuli
CNV
117
Olfactory nerve
unmyelinated C fibers, smallest and slowest
118
mitral cells in olfactory bulb
out forms the olfactory tract which project to prepiriform Cx
119
G-olf for olfactory receptors
activate AC to increase cAMP and open sodium channels
120
Fungiform papillae
salty and sweet, anterior 2/3 of tongue, innervated by CN VII (chorda tympani)
121
Circumvallate and Foliate Papillae
Sour and Bitter, posterior 1/3 tongue, innervated by CN IX
122
Back of throat and epiglottis
CNX
123
Detect muscle tension
Golgi tendon organ, group Ib fibers arranged in series with extrafusal muscle fibers
124
detects static and dynamic changes in muscle length
Muscle Spindles, group Ia and II, parallel with extrafusal fibers
125
Provide force for muscle contraction
Extrafusal fibers, innervated by alpha-MN
126
innervated by gamma-MN
intrafusal fibers
are encapsulated in sheaths to form muscle spindles
Include: nuclear bag & nuclear chain
127
detect rate of change in muscle length
Nuclear bag fibers (nuclei collect in bag region)
| innervated by Ia fibers
128
detect static changes in muscle length
Nuclear chain fibers (nuclei are in rows)
| innervated by II fibers
129
Knee Jerk
Stretch (myotactic) reflex
| monosynaptic - response is contraction of muscle after it is stretched
130
Golgi Tendon Reflex
Disynaptic, relaxation of muscle after stimuli contracts muscles (Ib fibers)
131
After Touching a hot stove
Flexor-withdrawal reflex - polysynaptic, stimulus is pain
| causes IL flexion and CL extension
132
Clasp Knife Reflex
exaggerated golgi tendon reflex, dx of corticospinal tracts
133
Renshaw Cells
Inhibitory cells in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
134
Stimulation of flexors and inhibition of extensors
Rubrospinal tract, stimulation of red nucleus
135
Stimulatory effect on both extensors and flexors but primarily extensors
Pontine reticulospinal tract
136
Inhibitory effect on both extensors and flexors, predominant effect on extensors
Medullary Reticulospinal tract
137
Originates on Dieter's nucleus
Lateral Vestibulospinal tract - stimulates extensors and inhibits flexors
138
tectospinal tract
originates in superior colliculus - controls neck muscles
139
Transection at C7
loss of sympathetic tone to the heart. HR and arterial pressure will decrease
140
Transection at C3
Stops breathing
141
Transection at C1
Hanging - death
142
Lesion above Lateral Vestibular Nucleus
Decerebrate rigidity because removal of inhibition from higher centers
143
Lesion above pontine reticular formation but below midbrain
Decerebrate rigidity
144
Lesions above the red nucleus
Decorticate posture and intact tonic neck reflexes
145
Vestibulocerebellum
control of balance and eye movement
146
Pontocerebellum
planning and initiation of movement
147
Spinocerebellum
synergy, control of rate, force, range, and direction of movement
148
Granular Layer of cerebellar Cx
innermost layer, contains granule cells, golgi type II cells, and glomeruli (axons of mossy fibers)
149
Purkinje Cell Layer of Cerebellar Cx
middle layer, output is always inhibitory
150
Molecular Layer of Cerebellar Cx
outermost layer, contains stellate and basket cells, dendrites of Purkinje and Golgi type II cells, and parallel fibers
151
Climbing Fibers
Comes from inferior olive of medulla, high frequency bursts or complex spikes, role in cerebellar motion learning
152
Only output of cerebellar cortex
Purkinje cells - they are always inhibitory (NT is GABA)
153
Dysdiadochokinesia
inability to perform rapid alternating movements - cerebellar injury
154
Lesions of globus pallidus
inability to maintain postural support
155
Lesions of Subthalamic Nucleus
result in wild, flinging movements (hemiballismus) on CL side
156
Lesions of the striatum
quick, continuous, and uncontrollable movements
| huntington
157
Lesions of Substantia Nigra
destruction of dopaminergic neurons, Parkinsons
| lead-pipe rigidity, tremor, and reduced voluntary movement
158
Responsible for generating a plan for movement
premotor cortex and supplementary Cx (area 6)
159
Responsible for the execution of movement
Primary motor cortex (area 4)
160
Jacksonian seizures
epileptic events in the primary motor cortex
161
Awake adults with open eyes
beta waves
162
Awake adults with closed eyes
alpha waves
163
suprachiasmic nucleus
associated with circadian rhythm, receives input from the retina
164
what decreases duration of REM sleep?
benzodiazepines and increasing age
165
Facial expression, intonation, body language and spatial tasks
Right Hemisphere
166
language, lesions here cause aphasia
Left hemisphere
167
Damage to wernicke's area
causes sensory aphasia, difficult to understand written or spoken language
168
Damage to Broca's area
causes motor aphasia, speech and writing are affected but understanding is intact
169
Short term memory
Synaptic Changes
170
Long term memory
involve structural changes and is more stable
171
BL lesion of hippocampus
block the ability to form new LT memories
172
Heat generating mechanisms in response to cold
Thyroid hormone, Shivering, cold temps activate the sympathetic nervous system and activate beta receptors in brown fat to increase metabolic rate and heat production
173
Shivering response to Cold
Posterior hypothalamus (this is to make people warm)
174
Heat loss in response to Heat
Anterior hypothalamus (this is to cool people off)
175
If the core temperature is below the set point
Posterior Hypothalamus is activated (increased metabolism, shivering, vasoconstriction of cutaneous BV)
176
If core temperature is above the set point
Anterior hypothalamus is activated (vasodilation of cutaneous BV, increased sympathetic outflow to sweat glands)
177
Pyrogens
increase IL-1 and act on anterior hypothalamus to increase prostaglandins which increase the set point temperature
178
Aspirin
reduces fever by inhibiting cyclooxygenase thereby inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, decreases the set point temperature
179
Steroids
reduce fever by blocking the release of arachidonic acid from brain phospholipids, prevents production of prostaglandins
180
Heat Exhaustion
caused by excessive sweating. blood volume and arterial blood pressure decrease and syncope (fainting) occurs
181
Heat Stroke
occurs when body temperature increases to the point of tissue damage. The normal response to increased ambient temperature (sweating) is impaired, the core temperature increases further
182
Hypothermia
ambient temperature is so low that heat-generating mechanisms cannot adequately maintain core temperature near the set point
183
Malignant Hyperthermia
massive increase in oxygen consumption and heat production by skeletal muscle, which causes a rapid rise in body temperature
184
What time is it?
Drinkin' Time
