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Kin 190 > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  1. somatic (SNS) sensory neurons (from skin, muscles, and joint receptors) innervate skeletal muscles that are under voluntary control and regulate special senses (taste, smell, vision)
  2. autonomic (ANS)-control of internal organs (blood pressure, heart rate, hormone secretion, etc), influence over digestion
  3. enteric digestive functions
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2
Q

Neuroglial Cells

A

supportive fuctions, found in CNS and PNS because neurons cannot reproduce

  • astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes in CNS
  • schwann cells and satellite cells in PNS
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3
Q

Central Nervous system

A

brain and spinal chord

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4
Q

types of neurons

A
  1. multipolar (most common)-cell body @ one end, dendrites @ other
  2. bipolar-mediates special senses (found in inner ear and retina) cell body in middle, trigger zone below. dendrites and axon terminal at ends
  3. unipolar=mediate touch, pain, cell body off to the side, trigger zone below dendrites
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5
Q

Nerve

A

group of axons+connective tissue wrapping and blood vessels

  • epineurium (cell)
  • perineurium (fasicle)
  • endoneurium (individual axons)
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6
Q

astrocytes

A
  • found in CNS, star-shaped
  • structural support and part of blood-brain barrier
  • during development, important in guiding axonal growth
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7
Q

microglia

A
  • found in CNS

- immune system, ingest cells/particles after injury or disease and remove cellular debris/dying cells

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8
Q

ependymal cells

A

found in CNS

produce and circulate CSF throughout ventricles

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9
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • forms myelin around CNS axons
  • makes sheaths of myelin that spiral around axons
  • neurolemma not present because they do not wrap around axon
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10
Q

Schwann cells

A

FOR A AND B FIBERS
-found in PNS
-form 1 big sheath by wrapping around axon many times (this becomes myelin)
-outer part of Schwann cell=neurolemma
-nodes of Ranvier=gaps in myelin
FOR C FIBERS
-unmyelinated axons lie within Schwann cells but Schwann cells don’t wrap membrane continuously around, instead holds axons in place and prevents them from touching eachother (cross-firing)

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11
Q

Grey matter vs. white matter

A

grey=cell bodies and dendrites

white=myelinated portions

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12
Q

Satellite cells

A

flat cells that provide structural support and regulate the exchange of materials in PNS

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13
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

autoimmune disease that attacks myelin–>demyelination–>firing is not effective–>weakness, loss of vision

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14
Q

Na-K pump

A
  • pumps Na OUT of and K INTO the cell (3 for 2) and establishes an electrochemical gradient
    1. Na binds to protein/ATPase is split into ADP, phosphate, and energy. phosphate binds to pump and triggers change in shape
    2. change shape pump releases 3 Na ions
    3. K binds to pump and triggers detachment of phosphate –>pump returns to original shape and K is released
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15
Q

Leak channels

A
  • passive transport, move small charged particles selectively
  • more K than Na leak channels and K channels are leakier–>contributes to resting membrane potential
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16
Q

resting membrane potential

A

separation of electrical charges-excitable tissues (nerves and mm) can change their membrane potential
maintained by
1. Na/K pump
2. Na/K leak channels
3. large, charged molecules in the cell bind to ATP/cannot leave
changed by
-concentration and electrical gradients
-relative permeability of Na vs. K can change

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17
Q

graded potentials

A
  • initial increase in potential (below -55mV) in dendrites of interneurons and motor neurons and on motor end plates
  • caused by small, local influxes of Na–>charge diminishes before cell reaches -55 mV because current leaks (no myelin on dendrites)
  • mediated by ligand-gate ion channels
    1. glutamate mediates Ca channels (excitatory)
    2. GABA mediates Cl channels (inhibitory)
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18
Q

Action Potentials: rising phase

A
  • critical threshold for opening of Na channels (open rapidly)=-55mV
  • permiability of Na becomes much higher than that of K and Na floods the cell +30mV (channels open for half a ms-inactivation gate begins to close slowly when activation gate opens quickly)
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19
Q

Action Potentials: falling phase

A
  • at -55 mV, K channels are triggered to open, but they open slowly
  • K flows out of cell aiming to reach it’s equilibrium (when the cell is at -90mV)
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20
Q

Action Potentials: After-hyperpolarization

A
  • K channels close slowly, allowing the membrane potential to drop to -80mV
  • Na/K pump returns cell to normal
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21
Q

absolute refractory period

relative refractory period

A
  • when action potentials cannot be generated because Na channels are busy and must return to normal (larger axons have shorter refractory periods)
  • when an action potential can be created, but it requires a larger stimulus because the cell is more negative than usual during hyper-polarization
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22
Q

speed of conduction

A
  1. axon diameter-greater diameter means less resistance
  2. Saltutory conduction-current jumps down axon because of myelin-Na and K pumps in high concentration at Nodes of Ranvier (AP replenished)
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23
Q

A fibers
B fibers
C fibers

A
  • 5-20 um, myelinated, fastest conductors
  • 2-3 um, myelinated
  • 0.5-1.5 um, unmyelinated
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24
Q

tetradoxin

A

blocks Na channels and therefore action potentials

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25
Q

EPSP

IPSP

A
  • excitatory post-synaptic potential-a graded potential that causes depolarization
  • inhibitory post-synaptic potential-a graded potential that causes hyperpolarization
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26
Q

temporal summation

A
  • summation of graded potentials that occur close to each other in time
  • summation of graded potentials that occur at the same time in the same space
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27
Q

neurons connect to

A

muscles
glands
other neurons (electrical and chemical synapses)

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28
Q

Glutaminergic receptor

A
  • glutamate cause depolarization
  • glutamate opens Ca ligand-gated channels in post-synaptic cell
  • removed by reuptake
29
Q

GABA-ergic receptors

A
  • GABA causes hyperpolarization-opens ligand-gated Cl- channels
  • removed by reuptake
30
Q

sensation

A

pain, temperature, proprioception, tactile, and special senses

31
Q

pacinion corpuscles

A
  • vibration, poking, quick changes in stimuli

- large receptor field, quick to adapt

32
Q

ruffini corpuscles

A
  • skin stretch, sustained pressure
  • large receptor field, slow to adapt
  • mediate stereogenosis because they fire based on how much the skin is stretched
33
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A
  • sensitive to shape and textural changes and vibration

- small receptor field, quick to adapt

34
Q

Merkel disks

A
  • two point discrimination
  • deep static touch like edges and sharp things
  • small receptor field, slow to adapt
35
Q

Muscle spindles

A
  • spiral ending, located in muscle belly
  • signal changes in length of muscle
  • main mediator for proprioception
36
Q

golgi tendon organs

A
  • free nerve endings intertwined among connective tissue in tendon
  • sense force muscle exerts (proprioception)
37
Q

free nerve endings

A

bare dendrites, detect pain

38
Q

intensity of stimulus

A
  • frequency coding-smaller stimulation activates a smaller number of ion channels
  • population coding-number of neurons activated (not all receptors have the same threshold)
39
Q

conus medullaris
filum terminale
cauda equina

A
  • structure at end of spinal chord (near medulla @ top)
  • pia matter extension
  • lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots
40
Q

what structures are involved in spinal reflexes?

A

sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, sensory receptor and effector
called reflex arc

41
Q

stretch reflex

A
  • -muscle stretch/lengthening from blow to patellar tendon
  • receptor: muscle spindles
  • effect: muscle contracts to maintain length, muscle=effector
42
Q

flexor (withdrawal) and crossed extensor reflex

A
  • stimulus-pain (stepping on a tack)
    receptor: nociceptor
  • effects: coordinated ipsilateral limb flexion and contralateral limb extension for protection against harmful stimuli
43
Q
  • dermatomes

- myotomes

A
  • areas of skin supplied by a given spinal segment

- areas of mm supplied

44
Q

brachial plexus
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus

A

-supplies upper arm-from C5-T1 spinal segments (ex. C5/C6 innervates biceps brachii, C7 triceps)
-supplies lower limbs from L1-L5 (ex. femoral nerve from L3/L4 supplies quadriceps)
sacral plexus-supplies lower limbs from L4-L5, contains sciatic nerve (biggest peripheral nerve)

45
Q

Meninges

A

thin membranes between bone and nervous tissue protecting brain and spinal chord

  1. dura matter-splits for sagital sinus
  2. arachnoid matter
  3. pia matter
46
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A
  • large vein that takes blood away from the brain and drains CSF from CNS
  • runs along sagittal plane between dural layers
47
Q

falx cerebri
falx cerabelli
tentorium cerabelli

A
  • separates right and left hemispheres of brain
  • separates left and right hemispheres of the cerebellum
  • separates brain from cerebellum
48
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • clear, colorless liquid containing water and ions (Na, Cl, Ca, K)
  • bathes brain, provides shock absorption, and supports chemical environment for neural function
49
Q

CSF Production

A
  • secreted and contained in vesicles, sub-arachnoid space (between pia matter and arachnoid matter), and central canal in spinal chord
  • Choroid plexus-ependymal cells (pump out Na and other solutes into ventricles –>concentration gradient draws plasma into vetricles by osmosis) and capillaries
50
Q

CSF Function

A
  1. physical
    - buoyancy–reduces weight of brain and puts lets pressure on blood vessels and nerves
    - shock absorption-padding
  2. chemical-regulates extracellular environment for neurons, maintains increased Na and decreased K levels for choroid plexus
51
Q

hydrocephalus

A

condition where rate of production of CSF is greater that rate of drainage–>leads to swelling of the brain (and skull in infants)

52
Q

blood-brain barrier

A
  • required for oxygen and glucose
  • protects brain from chemical changes in the blood
  • Oxygen moves by diffusion, glucose by facilitated diffusion
53
Q

Blood-brain barrier: blood supplies

A
  • internal caroted artery

2. vertebral arteries joined at brain stem to form basilar artery

54
Q

role of astrocytes

A

-star-shaped with tentacles that attach to endothelial cells in the brain and release paracrines (proteins that form tight junctions between cells)

55
Q

Blood-brain barrier function

A
  • chemical protection from fluctuations in blood contents
  • protects from changes in hormones, ions, and neurotransmitters
  • contains some selective carrier proteins
56
Q
  • association tracts
  • commissural tracts
  • projection tracts
A
  • axons that connect the same hemisphere
  • axons that connect opposite regions (ex. corpus colosum)
  • myelinated axons that connect brain areas with regions of the CNS
57
Q

functions of

  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • insula lobe
A
  • anteriorly: executive functions (decision making, personality), posteriorly: muscles and movement control
  • sensation processing
  • vision
  • hearing and memory acquisition
  • taste and smell
58
Q
  • primary motor area
  • primary somatosensory are
  • secondary/association areas
A
  • where neurons most directly connect to mm
  • where peripheral info is most directly received
  • where meaning is applied to this information
59
Q

Posterior column-medial lemniscus (PMCL)

A
  • carries sensations for vibration (pacinion), proprioception (mm spindles and GTO’s), stereogenesis (ruffini) and fine touch (Meissner’s and Merkel)
  • impulse travels up 1st order sensory neuron–>2nd order interneuron and crosses at medulla–>travels up medial lemniscus tract to thalamus–>terminates in ventral posterior lateral nucleus–>3rd order neuron sends axon to primary somatosensory cortex @ appropriate area
60
Q

antereolateral spinothalamic tract

A
  • impulses for tickle and itch, crude touch/pressure (anterior) and pain/temperature (lateral)
  • 1st order sensory neuron enters posterior root ganglion–>2nd order crosses spinal chord and sends axon up to thalamus–>3rd order neurons extend to appropriate area of cerebral cortex
61
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A
  • neurons descend through internal capsule and cerebral peduncle of midbrain
  • descending neurons cross at medulla and cross at medulla–>exit through anterior grey horn in spinal chord to muscle
  • distal muscles-precise, agaile, and skilled movements of hands/feet
62
Q

anterior corticospinal tract

A
  • descending neurons do not cross (some at spinal chord level) and exit through anterior grey horn
  • muscles of axial skeleton
63
Q

corticobulbar tract

A
  • neurons descend through internal capsule and cerebral peduncle of midbrain, some decussate, some do not
  • controls mm of the head
64
Q

basal nucleii

A

-select movement patterns, stopping and starting movements, inhibiting extraneous movements and subconscious movement control (arm swing while walking)

65
Q

medulla

A
  • cardiovascular center, dorsal and ventral respiratory rate, heartbeat, blood vessel diameter, vomiting, swallowing (deglutition), sneezing, coughing, hiccuping
  • consists of nucleii and all the white matter tracts
  • vagus nerve (parasympathetic innervation of internal organs)
66
Q

pons

A

-pontine respiratory group-increases respiration rate
-apneustic center-apnea-temporary cessation of breathing
-trigeminal nerve (V)-opthalmic branch (forehead, eyes, nose), maxillary branch (cheeks and top lip), and mandicular branch (chin, ears up to skull)
facial nerve (VII)-motor innervation of facial muscles, taste

67
Q

Midbrain

A
  • red nucleus-important for movement control in infants (no direct pathways to brain, thought to control crawling)
  • substantia nigra-dopamine center
  • superior and inferior colliculi-important for processing visual input and reflexes like pupil dilation (superior) and auditory input and reflexes like startle reflex (inferior)
68
Q

reticular formation

A
  • neurons that span brain stem
  • mediates us being awake, conscious, and alert
  • regulates muscle tone
  • sensory filtering (filters out unimportant stimuli)

Kin 190 (5 decks)

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