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ZZDifficult neuro SAQ topics > neurophysiology > Flashcards

neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Axon hillock

A

the part of the neuron at which APs are normally generated (due to a low threshold membrane potential)

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2
Q

‘Long’ sensory receptors

A

Send axons to the CNS and fire APs

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3
Q

‘Short’ sensory receptors

A

Synapse on a second order neuron immediately; often have graded potentials

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4
Q

Examples of long sensory receptors

A

Cutaneous receptors, olfactory recepors

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5
Q

Examples of short sensory receptors

A

Receptors for taste, vision and hearing

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6
Q

Feedforward inhibition

A

The phenomenon in which the downstream antagonistic pathway is inhibited at the same time as the agonist pathway is stimulated.

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7
Q

Feedback inhibition (synapses)

A

When the excited cell both excited downstream pathways and contacts inhibitory interneurons such as Renshaw cells to inhibit itself.

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8
Q

PGE2 acts on …

A

EP4 (leads to Gs signalling, pain sensitisation)

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9
Q

Exogenous opiates

A

Morphine, diamorphine, codeine, etorphine

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10
Q

Opioid antagonist

A

Naloxone

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11
Q

Gabapentin

A

Decreases cell surface localisation of a2d1 subunit of CaV

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12
Q

Lidocaine

A

blocks NaVs

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13
Q

Ketamine

A

NMDA antagonist

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14
Q

Ziconotide

A

N-type CaV blocker; given intrathecally

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15
Q

Cocaine

A

Inhibits reuptake of NA, DA and 5-HT

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16
Q

Brain activity; alpha rhythms

A

quiet waking state; low amplitude at 15-60 Hz frequency

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17
Q

Brain activity; beta rhythms

A

Active awake state; low amplitude, at 8-13 Hz frequency

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18
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

Theta rhythms; 4-8 Hz, increasing amplitude

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19
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

low frequency, increased amplitude, sleep spindles or K complexes

20
Q

Delta rhythms

A

Stage 3 or 4 sleep

21
Q

Functions of sleep

A

Restoration of mental and bodily functions, brain development (children), memory consolidation.

22
Q

Role of Schwann cells in axon regeneration

A

Promote regeneration in the PNS if there is a living track of them.

23
Q

When does a neuroma form?

A

When there is a break of more than 1 cm in the track of living Schwann cells

24
Q 
Why is the CNS non-permissive for axon growth?
ECM
Oligodendrocytes
Glial cells in general
Astrocytes
A

ECM; lacks growth promoting molecules such as laminin
Oligodendrocytes produce Nogo
Glial cells in general produce CSPGs (chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans)
Astrocytes form the glial scar

25
Q

Strategies for repair in the CNS

A 
Add neurotrophic factors
Graft peripheral nerve cells
Block Nogo
Add Chondroitinase
Block downstream effects using drugs/gene knockdown.
26
Q

Where can you get stem cells for neural grafting

A

1) Embryonic sub. nigra for Parkinson’s.
2) Neural stem cells; from ventricular and subventricular zone in fetal brain. In adult brain from olfactory bulb or dentate gyrus.
3) induced pluripotent stem cells

27
Q

Aa nerve fibres

A

Carry information from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.

28
Q

Ad nerve fibres

A

Carry fast sharp pain and temperature

29
Q

C fibres

A

Carry slow burning pain.

30
Q

Role of Shh

A

Induce floorplate (high conc) and motor neurons (low conc)

31
Q

Neural tube becomes

A

CNS

32
Q

Neural folds become

A

PNS

33
Q

Destination of neural crest cells

A

Dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, schwann cells.

34
Q

NGF

A

Neurotrophic, neurotropic, diffusible and attractive

35
Q

Netrin

A

Neurotrophic, neurotropic, diffusible either attractive or repellent.

36
Q

CAMs

A

Contact attractive

37
Q

Semaphorins

A

Contact repellent (also ephrins and proteoglycans)

38
Q

Ephrins

A

Contact repellent (also semaphorins and proteoglycans)

39
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Contact repellent or signalling

40
Q

How does L-DOPA enter the CNS

A

Using a specialised transport system for essential amino acids

41
Q

Where is CSF found?

A

In the central canal of the spinal cord, in the ventricles, in the subarachnoid space and in the cisterns.

42
Q

Drugs used in Alzheimer’s disease

A

Memantine (NMDA antagonist) - unknown mechanism.

Cholinesterase inhibitors delay disease progression; tacrine, donezepil.

43
Q

Future treatments for Alzheimer’s.

A

Cyclohexanehexol; blocks aggregation of beta-amyloid.
Blocking B or y secretase.
Inhibiting kinases that phosphorylate tau
NGF?

44
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Involuntary muscle movements such as chorea or tremor.

45
Q

pain nucleus of thalamus

A

VMPO

ZZDifficult neuro SAQ topics (2 decks)

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