Neurophysiology Flashcards
Segments in Cervical Spine Vertebrae
Cervical Nerves (C1-C8)
Segments in Thoracic Spine Vertebrae
Thoracic Nerves (T1-T12)
Segments in Lumbar Spine Vertebrae
Lumbar Nerves (L1-L5)
Segments in Sacrum
Sacral Nerves (S1-S5)
It is the 31st pair of spinal nerves
Coccygeal
A subdivision of your peripheral nervous system, which is all of your nervous system except your brain and spinal cord (encompassing the skeletal muscle effectors and allowing the movement and control throughout one’s body)
Somatic nervous system
a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.
Autonomic nervous system
It consists of all the nerve structures outside of the brain and spinal cord, which make up the CNS. It serves as a communication network that connects the CNS to the rest of the body
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Under autonomic nervous system (ANS), it is responsible for regulating involuntary physiological processes in the body, including those related to rest, digestion, and recovery.
Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
Under autonomic nervous system (ANS), it is responsible for activating the body’s “fight or flight” response, which prepares the body to respond to perceived threats or stressful situations.
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Is diuresis caused by PNS or SNS action?
PNS
Is self-defense caused by PNS or SNS action?
SNS
Does having a dinner buffet involve PNS or SNS action?
PNS
Is the preparation of the body to either confront a threat or flee from it caused by PNS or SNS action?
SNS
It is the collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Ganglion
[SNS] Origin of preganglionic nerve: nuclei of spinal cord segments _____; _______ (thoracolumbar)
T1-T12; L1-L3
[PNS] Origin of preganglionic nerve: nuclei of cranial nerves II, VII, IX, and X; spinal cord segments ____ (craniosacral)
S2-S4
[SNS]
Length of preganglionic nerve axon:
Neurotransmitter in ganglion:
Receptor type in ganglion:
Length of postganglionic nerve axon:
Short
ACh
Nicotinic
Long
[PNS]
Length of preganglionic axon:
Neurotransmitter in ganglion:
Receptor type in ganglion:
Length of postganglionic nerve axon:
Long
ACh
Nicotinic
Short
[SNS]
Effector organs:
Neurotransmitter in effector organs:
Receptor types in effector organs:
smooth & cardiac muscles; glands
Norepinephrine (except sweat glands, which use ACh)
adrenoreceptors (a1, a2, b1 & b2)
[PNS]
Effector organs:
Neurotransmitter in effector organs:
Receptor types in effector organs:
smooth & cardiac muscles; glands
ACh
Muscarinic
Synapses between neurons are made in the ___________
autonomic ganglia
__________ is a specialized ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal medulla
______ cells produce the catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
Chromaffin
__________ neurons release norepinephrine as the neurotransmitter.
Adrenergic
_________ neurons, whether in the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system, release acetylcholine (ACh) as the neurotransmitter
Cholinergic
Nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurons release _________, __________, and _________.
substance P
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
nitric oxide (NO)
Receptor: a1
Location:
Smooth muscle
Receptor: a2
Location:
GI tract
Receptor: b1
Location:
heart
Receptor: b2
Location:
smooth muscle
Receptor: Nm (N1)
Location:
Skeletal muscle
Receptor: Nn (N2)
Location:
Autonomic ganglia
Receptor: M1
Location:
CNS
Receptor: M2
Location:
heart
Receptor: M3
Location:
Glands, smooth muscle
Organ: Heart
↑ heart rate; ↑ contractility; ↑ AV node conduction
SNS action or PNS action?
What receptor/s?
SNS
b1
Organ: Vascular smooth muscle
constricts blood vessel in skin
dilates blood vessels in skeletal muscle
SNS action or PNS action?
What receptor/s?
SNS
a1, b2
Organ: GI tract
↓motility; constricts sphincters
SNS action or PNS action?
What receptor/s?
SNS
a1, a2, b2
Organ: bronchioles
constricts bronchiolar muscles
SNS action or PNS action?
What receptor/s?
PNS
b2
Organ: male sex organs
erection
SNS action or PNS action?
What receptor/s?
PNS
a
Organ: bladder
relaxes bladder wall
SNS action or PNS action?
What receptor/s?
SNS
a1, b2
Organ: sweat glands
↑sweating
SNS action or PNS action?
What receptor/s?
SNS
M (sympathetic cholinergic)
Organ: eye (radial muscle, iris)
constricts pupil (miosis)
SNS action or PNS action?
What receptor/s?
PNS
a1
Organ: eye (radial muscle, iris)
dilates pupil (mydriasis)
SNS action or PNS action?
What receptor/s?
SNS
a1
Organ: kidney
↑renin secretion
SNS action or PNS action?
What receptor/s?
SNS
b1
Organ: fat cells
↑lipolysis
SNS action or PNS action?
What receptor/s?
SNS
b1
receptors that are activated by ACh or nicotine that also produce excitation
Cholinergic receptors (cholinoreceptors)
receptors that are inhibitory in heart but are excitatory in smooth muscle and glands (activated by ACh and muscarine)
Muscarinic receptors
______ surrounds the nucleus and is responsible for protein synthesis.
Cell body
______ arise from the cell body and receive information from adjacent neurons.
Dendrites
______ projects from the ________, where action potentials originate and send information to other neurons or muscle
Axon, axon hillock
_________ function as support cells for neurons
Glial cells
_______ supply metabolic fuels to neurons, secrete trophic factors, and synthesize neurotransmitters.
Astrocytes
_________ synthesize myelin in the CNS (whereas __________ synthesize myelin in the PNS).
Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells
________ proliferate following neuronal injury and serve as scavengers for cellular debris.
Microglial cells