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General Physiology (Prelims) > Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Some small, _________ molecules (like ___________) can diffuse through the lipid bilayer easily due to their hydrophobic nature.

A

nonpolar, oxygen and carbon dioxide

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2
Q

In carrier-mediated transports, this refers to the specificity of the carrier protein for a particular stereoisomer or enantiomer of a molecule.

A

Stereospecificity

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3
Q

What is a common feature shared by simple and facilitated diffusion of glucose?

(A) Occurs down an electrochemical gradient
(B) Is saturable
(C) Requires metabolic energy
(D) Is inhibited by the presence of galactose

A

A

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4
Q

Another name for tight junctions

A

Zonula occludens

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5
Q

_________ are channel proteins that specifically facilitate the rapid passage of water molecules through the membrane

A

Aquaporins

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6
Q

Larger or ______ molecules (such as _____________) cannot pass through the bilayer without the assistance of specific transport proteins.

A

polar, ions and sugars

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7
Q

Sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase is called _________.

A

SERCA

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8
Q

Proteins that are membranous structures of the cell can be ______________ and ______________.

A

Integral proteins, peripheral proteins

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9
Q

It is a macromolecule that serves as an energy storage, thermal insulation, and an important role in structural integrity of cells. It is an essential component of cell membranes, being mainly insoluble in water.

A

Lipids

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10
Q

For sodium-potassium pumps, both Na+ and K+ are transported against their electrochemical gradients.

True or false?

A

True

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11
Q

Van’t Hoff’s law, which states that osmotic pressure
depends on the concentration of osmotically active
particles. The concentration of particles is converted to
pressure according to what equation?

A

π = g × C × RT

π = osmotic pressure (mm Hg or atm)
g = number of particles in solution (osm/mol)
C = concentration (mol/L)
R = gas constant (0.082 L—atm/mol—K)
T = absolute temperature (K)

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12
Q

What are some functions of proteins in biological systems?

A
  1. Enzymes: Catalyze chemical reactions in the cell.
  2. Structural Proteins: Provide support and shape to cells and tissues (e.g., collagen in connective tissues).
  3. Transport Proteins: Carry molecules such as oxygen (hemoglobin) or ions across cell membranes.
  4. Hormones: Regulate various physiological processes (e.g., insulin).
  5. Antibodies: Part of the immune system and involved in recognizing and defending against pathogens.
  6. Receptors: Bind to specific molecules (ligands) and transmit signals within cells.
  7. Motor Proteins: Generate movement within cells (e.g., myosin in muscle contraction).
  8. Storage Proteins: Store essential molecules or ions for later use (e.g., ferritin stores iron).
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13
Q

This is a characteristic for carrier-mediated transports as structurally related solutes compete for transport
sites on carrier molecules. For example, galactose is a
competitive inhibitor of glucose transport in the small intestine.

A

Competition

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14
Q

Give some functions of the cell membrane

A
  • Selective transport of molecules
  • Cell recognition
  • Cell communication
  • Tissue organization
  • Enzymatic activity
  • Cell shape (+ cytoskeleton)
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15
Q

Which of the following processes facilitate the transport of D- and L-glucose proceeding at the same rate down an electrochemical gradient?

(A) Simple diffusion
(B) Facilitated diffusion
(C) Primary active transport
(D) Cotransport

A

A

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16
Q

What are the types of vesicular transport (under endocytosis)?

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated cytosis

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17
Q

These are proteins that are attached only to one surface of the membrane and do not penetrate all the way through; only control the transport of substances through the cell membrane “pores.” They are loosely attached to the cell membrane by electrostatic interactions.

A

Peripheral proteins

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18
Q

These are proteins that protrude all the way through the membrane like structural channels, carrier proteins, and receptors (for water-soluble chemicals)

A

Integral proteins

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19
Q

They are water-fearing molecules like oil that lacks affinity for water.

A

Hydrophobic

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20
Q

It is a type of passive transport that is not carrier mediated, not requiring metabolic energy.

A

Simple diffusion

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21
Q

They are water-loving molecules that get dissolved in water

A

Hydrophilic

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22
Q

It is a type of passive transport that requires interaction of a carrier protein (carrier-mediated diffusion)

A

Facilitated diffusion

23
Q

A measure of the concentration of solute particles (ions or molecules) per unit volume of a solution and is typically expressed in units of osmoles per liter (osmol/L or Osm/L)

A

Osmolarity

24
Q

For Na+–K+ pump, Na+ is transported from _________ to ________ fluid and K+ is transported from ____________ to ____________ fluid, maintaining low intracellular [Na+] and high intracellular [K+].

A

(1) intracellular, extracellular
(2) extracellular, intracellular

25
Q

What are some fat-soluble substances (NONPOLAR)?

A

O2
CO2
alcohols
cholesterol
steroid hormones
other lipids

26
Q

Give examples of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

27
Q

These are attachments between cells that permit intercellular communication.

A

Gap junctions

28
Q

If two solutions have different calculated osmolarities, the solution with the higher osmolarity is ________ and the solution with the lower osmolarity is _________.

A

hyperosmotic, hyposmotic

29
Q

A highly specialized and efficient form of vesicular transport that relies on specific cell surface receptors that bind to particular molecules, such as ligands or target proteins, in the extracellular fluid

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

30
Q

A type of vesicular transport or endocytosis that involves the engulfing and internalization of large particles, such as bacteria, dead cells, or other solid materials

A

Phagocytosis

31
Q

It is a macromolecule composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms. Its simplest form are monosaccharides, which cannot be further broken down into smaller sugar molecules (e.g., glucose, fructose, and galactose.).

A

Carbohydrate

32
Q

Proteins can either be _____ proteins and ______ proteins.

A

structural, functional

33
Q

The ______ percent of the total human body weight is constituted to fluid (mainly a water solution of ions and other substances)

A

60

34
Q

It is a type of active transport where two or more solutes is coupled. For instance, one of the solutes (usually Na+) is transported “downhill” and provides energy for the “uphill” transport of the other solute(s).

A

Secondary active transport

35
Q

A type of active transport that occurs against an electrochemical gradient (“uphill”) and requires direct input of metabolic energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Primary active transport

36
Q

They are molecules that are those not soluble in lipids or other non-polar solvents.

A

Lipophobic

37
Q

It’s a concept that describes how substances move from one point to another when there is a difference in energy (gradient) between the two points.

A

Flow down gradients

38
Q

For secondary active transport, if the solutes move in opposite directions across the cell membranes, it is called ________________, exchange, or antiport.

(Examples are Na+-Ca2+ exchange and Na+–H+ exchange)

A

countertransport

39
Q

A type of vesicular transport, specifically endocytosis, in which cells ingest small droplets of extracellular fluid containing dissolved substances (such as ions, nutrients, and molecules) by forming small vesicles

A

Pinocytosis

40
Q

For sodium-potassium pumps, the usual stoichiometry is 4 Na+/2 K+.

True or false?

A

False

it’s 3 Na+/2 K+

41
Q

What are some water-soluble substances (POLAR)?

A

ions
water (H2O)
glucose
urea

42
Q

The flow of water across a semipermeable membrane from a solution with low solute concentration to a solution with high solute concentration

A

Osmosis

43
Q

The amount of pressure required to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.

A

Osmotic pressure

44
Q

A characteristic of carrier-mediated transports at which the transport rate increases as the concentration of the solute increases, until the carriers are saturated (since all the binding sites on the carrier proteins become occupied by substrate molecules)

A

Saturation

45
Q

It is the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

A

Homeostasis

46
Q

They are molecules that combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats

A

Lipophilic

47
Q

This is a type of cell transport that is against a gradient “uphill”, requiring added energy.

A

Active transport

48
Q

Which of the following will double the permeability of a
solute in a lipid bilayer?

(A) Doubling the molecular radius of the solute
(B) Doubling the oil/water partition coefficient of the solute
(C) Doubling the thickness of the bilayer
(D) Doubling the concentration difference of the solute
across the bilayer

A

B

49
Q

This is a type of cell transport that follows a gradient “downhill”, which does not require added energy.

A

Diffusion/Passive transport

50
Q

For secondary active transport, if the solutes move in the same direction across the cell membrane, it is called __________ or symport.

(Examples are Na+-glucose cotransport)

A

cotransport

51
Q

What equation can be used to calculate osmolarity?

A

Osmolarity = g × C

Osmolarity = concentration of particles (Osm/L)
g = number of particles in solution (Osm/mol)
C = concentration (mol/L)

52
Q

It is a macromolecule that is composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds to form long chains or polypeptides.

A

Proteins

53
Q

The cytoplasm is made of? (6 substances)

A
  1. Water
  2. Ions (e.g. Na+, K+, Ca++)
  3. Carbohydrates (e.g. glucose)
  4. Proteins
  5. Lipids
  6. Nucleic acids

General Physiology (Prelims) (4 decks)

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