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PAM 600 > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structura overview of the Nervous system?

A
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2
Q

What are the ascending and descending tracts?

A
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3
Q

What is the motor system compromised of?

A
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4
Q

Explain the motor control system

A
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5
Q

What is the hierarch of motor control within the CNS?

A
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6
Q

determine the goal of movements in the CNS

A

Association cortex and the basal ganglia

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7
Q

determine the correct sequence of commands that will allow the goal to be achieved in the CNS

A

primary motor cortex and cerebellum

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8
Q

implement descending commands in the CNS

A

Neuronal circuits in the spinal cord

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9
Q

What are the three inputs to alpha motor neurons that determine which muscle will contract?

A
  1. upper motor neuron
  2. spinal interneurons
  3. sensory neurons
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10
Q

input from the cortex or brainstem regulate voluntary movements

A

upper motor neurons

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11
Q

interneuron form an extensive circuitry within the spinal cord. Basic motor programs are encoded in spinal circuits known as central generators

A

spinal interneurons

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12
Q

neurons from muscle proprioceptors provide feedback about muscle length and tension

A

sensory neurons

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13
Q

a motor neuron annd all the muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

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14
Q

What is the size principle and how does it relate to motor units?

A
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15
Q

includes conscious sensation derived from receptors in the skin and joint capsules

A

proprioception

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16
Q

Unconscious sensation and muscle length tension is relayed from?

A

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

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17
Q

provide information to the CNS about muscle stretch (length) and the speed with which muscle length is changing

A

muscle spindles

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18
Q

What do muscle spindles consist of?

A
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19
Q

large myelinated axons and have very fast conduction

A

sensory fibers

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20
Q

provide the motor supply to contractile filaments within muscle spindles

A

gamma motor neurons

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21
Q

Where are the cell bodies of gamma motor neurons located?

A

ventral gray matter of the spinal cord

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22
Q

Explain th myotatic reflex arch

A
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23
Q

What causes areflexia?

A

a lesion in any part of the myotatic reflex circuit

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24
Q

What are the deep tendon reflexes?

A

brachioradialis, biceps, triceps, knee, and ankle

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25
Q

Explain the myotatic reflex circuitry

A
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26
Q

sensory nerve terminals that are encapsulated within tendons

A

golgi tendon organs

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27
Q

arranged in series with extrafusal muscle fibers, with one end attached to the extrafusal muscle fibers and the other end attached to the collagen fibers of the tendon

A

golgi tendon organs

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28
Q

Sensory axons from GTOs are smalled that type ___ and are designated type _

A

type la
type lb

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29
Q

Explain the golgi tendon reflex

A
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30
Q

Explain the flexor and crossed extension reflexes

A
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31
Q

What are the two major groups of descending pathways?

A
  1. lateral pathways
  2. ventromedial pathways
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32
Q

concerned with voluntary movement of the distal muscles (muscles of the arm and hand)

A

lateral pathways

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33
Q

What are the two major lateral pathways?

A
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34
Q

Where does the corticospina tract originate?

A

primary motor cortex

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35
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract orginates?

A

brainstem(midbrain region)

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36
Q

originates in the brainstem and innervates the proximal and axial muscles to help maintain head position and posture

A

ventromedial pathways

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37
Q

What are the three ventro medial pathways?

A
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38
Q

For the lateral corticospinal tract what is the function and location?

A

Location: medulla
Function: fine control of limbs

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39
Q

For the anterior corticospinal tract what is the function and location?

A

Function: fine control of limbs
Location: spinal cord

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40
Q

For the lateral vestibulospinal tract what is the function and location?

A

Location: None
Function: Balance and posture

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41
Q

For the medial vestibulospinal tract what is the function and location?

A

Location: medulla
Function: control of head position

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42
Q

For the rubrospinal tract what is the function and location?

A

Location: medulla
Function: upper limb movement

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43
Q

In the pyramidal pathways the motor cortex in each hemisphere controls the muscle on the _

A

contralateral side of the body

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44
Q

In the pyramidal pathways the fibers descend through the internal capsule and upper brainstem to the _, where the tract cross the _

A

medullary pyramids
midline (dessucate

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45
Q

in the spinal cord the lesion above the medullary pyramids will result in?

A

contralateral muscle weakness

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46
Q

In the spinal cord the lesions below the pyramidal decussation will produce a _

A

ipsilatearl muscle weakness

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47
Q

Where does the rubrinospinal tract originate?

A

the red nucleus of the midbrain, which in turn recieves input from the motor cortical areas

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48
Q

When are rubrospinal tracts active?

A

in mediating flexion, which can help to diagnose the site of neurologic injury in comatose patients

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49
Q

characterized by excessive flexion of the elbows and wrists and supination of the arms

A

decorticate posturing

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50
Q

Where is the damage in decorticate posturing?

A

anterior to the red nucleus of the midbrain. an intact red nucleus allows the upper extermities to undergo flexion via the rubrospinal neurons

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51
Q

characterized by excessive extension of the elbows and wrists with pronation

A

decerebrate posturing

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52
Q

Where does decerebrate posturing occur?

A

indicates midbrain lesion that involves the level of the red nucleus

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53
Q

provides sensory information from the visual and vestibular systems about the body position and balance

A

ventromedial pathways

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54
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate and function?

A
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55
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate and function?

A
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56
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate and function?

A
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57
Q

distal muscles of the limbs are represented most _

A

laterally

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58
Q

axial muscles of the trunk are represented _

A

medially

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59
Q

motor neurons for the proximal limb muscles are located in an _

A

intermediate position

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60
Q

Upper motor neuron lesions are characterized by ?

A

spastic paresis (incomplete paralysis), hyperreflexia, hypertonia

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61
Q

Lower motor neuron lesions are characterized by ?

A

flaccid paralysis, areflexia, hypotonia, muscle twitches, atrophy, no reflex arch

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62
Q

What is an example of pure lower motor neuron lesion?

A

Poliomyelitis

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63
Q

What is an example of upper and lower motor neuron lesions?

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

64
Q

What are the following areas?

A
65
Q

What areas of the body have the most gray matter/motor function?

A

lips/ fingers

66
Q

movements we decide to make volitionally

A

somatosensory association area

67
Q

encoding movement intention and the selection of the movements based on environmental sensory inputs

A

premotor cortex

68
Q

What supplies the majority of the lateral surface of the cortex, including the section of primary motor conrtex, including the primary motor cortex and is responsible for movements of the face and upper externities?

A

middle cerebral artery

69
Q

an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery will cause?

A

contralateral spactic paresis of the face and upper extremities

70
Q

What artery supplies the area responsible for the lower extremities?

A

anterior cerebral artery

71
Q

occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery will cause?

A

spastic paresis of the lower extremities

72
Q

a group of subcortical nuclei located primarily in the base of the forebrain

A

the basal ganglia

73
Q

What are the components of the basal ganglia?

A

the striatum (divided into the caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus

74
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

modulation of cortical output

75
Q

is degenerationof the dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra to the striatum

A

parkinsons disease

76
Q

a fatal autosomal dominat disorder affecting the huntingtin gene. severe idopathic degeneration of gabaergic neurons affecting the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia

A

huntingtons disease

77
Q

Where is the gray matter and white matter located?

A

white matter is deeper and gray matter is superficial, but the basal ganglia is gray matter that is deep

78
Q

What are the functional cerebellar subdivisons?

A
79
Q

cerebellar lesions produce a characteristic movement disorder called?

A

ataxia

80
Q

in which movements become inaccurate and are poorly coordinated; there is also decreased muslce tone is called?

A

hypotonia

81
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A
82
Q

What is the function of the hpothalamus?

A

body temperature regulation

83
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
84
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A
85
Q

Different areas of the hypothalamus have different ___

A

functions

86
Q

Circadial rhythms are generated by?

A

endogenous body clock

87
Q

body clocks are created by neurons of the?

A

suprachiasmatic nuscleus, the activity of which oscillates spontaneously in a daily cycle

88
Q

proved information about daylight to entrain the circadian rhythm

A

retinohypothalamic tract

89
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

the hormone mealtonin in the hours of darkness, which helps to synchronize the day/night and sleep cycles

90
Q

monitors the surface electrical activity of the brain waves and produces wave patterns

A

EEG

91
Q

Why are EEGs useful?

A
92
Q

Explain the sleep stages and brain activity

A
93
Q

What are the four major diffuse modulatory systems?

A

-noradrenergic system
-serotonergic system
-dopaminergic neurons
-cholinergic neurons

94
Q

Neurons in the reticular formation have what type of connectivity throughout the CNS?

A

widespread connectivity

95
Q

the anatomic concept that describes columns of neurons that extend throughout the core of the brainstem

A

reticular formation and diffuse modulatory systems

96
Q

the concept of reticular formation that has a strong influence on wakefullness

A

Reticular activating system

97
Q

consciousness requires proper functioning of what?

A

reticular activating system and both cerebral hemispheres

98
Q

What occurs in unconsciousness or comas?

A

lesions that damage the reticular activating system or when there is diffuse, damage to both cerebral hemispheres

99
Q

How are the diffuse modulatory systems catergorized by? and what utilizes it?

A

utilized by the reticular formation
categorized by the principal neurotransmitter

100
Q

Noradrenergic system:
-originates where?
-function?
-distribution?

A
101
Q

Serotonergic system:
-originates where?
-What does it release?
-Center of control for?

A
102
Q

What makes up the reticular activating system?

A

noradrenergic system + serotonergic sysem

103
Q

Cholinergic Neurons:
-origin?
-function?

A
104
Q

What is the location of dopaminergic neurons?

A

widespread in the CNS

105
Q

What are the two dopaminergic systems?

A
  1. nigrostriatal system
  2. mesocorticolimbic system
106
Q

Nigrostriatal system:
- Location?
- importance?

A
107
Q

Mesocorticolimbic system:
-origin?
-importance?*

A
108
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
109
Q

is connected to the highest centers of cognition in the prefrontal and association areas of the cortex

A

cingulate cortex

110
Q

What occurs in the cingulate cortex?

A

sensations of emotions are perceived

111
Q

What is the imprtance of the hippocampus?

A

in the conversion of short term memory to long term memory

112
Q

What is the function of the amygdaloid nucleus?

A

involved in strong emotions, including fear and aggression and linking emotions with memories

113
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the limbic system?

A
114
Q

What is the function of the mammillothalamic tract?

A

relay the activity of the hypothalamus to the cortex, therefore providing a pathway linking the expression with the sensation of emotions

115
Q

Draw the limbic system

A
116
Q

learning and memory is associated with changes in the structure and function of synapses

A

synaptic plasticity

117
Q

repeated synaptic stimulation can result in a presistent increase in the sensitivity of a neuron

A

long term potentiation

118
Q

long tern potentiation is associated with?
function?

A
119
Q

What is the purpose of wernicke’s area?

A

understanding the meaning of words

120
Q

output from wernickes area to brocas area occurs via what tract?

A

arcuate fasciculus

121
Q

What is the function of broca’s area?

A

generates the commands needed to instruct the neighboring motor cortex to produce the movements of the mouth and tongue needed to speak

122
Q

Lable the area of the brain

A
123
Q

characterized by the inability to produce speech, comprehension is generally preserved

A

Broca’s aphasia

124
Q

characterized by fluent production of speech, but the sentences lack meaning and comprehension of language is poor

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

125
Q

Lable the skeletal muscle anatomy

A
126
Q

Wha are the subunits of skeletal muscle?

A
127
Q

a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

128
Q

Draw out the neuromuscluar junction

A
129
Q

Draw out the Sarcomere

A
130
Q

How many actins encircle each myosin?

A

6 actins encircle each myosin thick filaments

131
Q

thin contractile myofilament

A

actin

132
Q

thick contractile myofilaments

A

myosin

133
Q

head portion of the myosin filament that bridges the gap between myosin and actin during contraction

A

crossbridge

134
Q

Dystrophin:
-Location?
-importance?

A

dystophin is an important scaffolding protein located between the sarcolemma and myofilaments

135
Q

What protein is mutated in duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

dystrophin

136
Q

What are the two portion of the myosin heads?

A

actin binding site
ATP binding site

137
Q

What are the functional filaments associated with the troponin-tropomyosin compex?

A
138
Q

What are the neuromuscular junction diseases?

A

-myasthenia gravis (antibodies that stop enzymes from binding)
-botulism (prevents release of ace)

139
Q

What are the drugs/toxins that affect Neuromuscular Transmission?

A
  1. Botulinum toxin- failure of ach release; flaccid paralysis of muscle
  2. neostigmine - prolongs action of ach at the end of plate
140
Q

Explain what occurs in the excitation-contraction coupling

A

refer to slides

141
Q

What occurs in the cross-bridge cycle?

A
142
Q

What is the size principle?

A
143
Q

What are the slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers?

A
144
Q

What is the length-tension relationship?

A
145
Q

What is the force-velocity relatioship?

A
146
Q

lines the walls of hollow organs, no striations

A

smooth muscle

147
Q

What does smooth muscle regulate?

A

blood flow, ventilation of the lungs, and gastrointestinal motility

148
Q

Explain the structure of a smooth muscle cell

A
149
Q

smooth muscle cells serves as attachments points for?

A

actin filaments (thick filaments overlap thin filaments in an irregular array)

150
Q

What allows smooth muscle cells to generate force?

A

the irregular arrangement of actin and myosin

151
Q

is the most common type of smooth muscle, cells within a bundle behave as a functional syncytium due to the presence of gap junctions

A

visceral smooth muscle

152
Q

How are cells arranged in visceral smooth muscle?

A

large bundles

153
Q

smooth muscle cells function individually since the cells are not connected by gap junctions

A

multiunit smooth muscle

154
Q

What are the componets of the multiunit smooth muscle cells?

A

-a dense nerve supply from autonomic neurons
-fine control over force development in a manner similar to spatial summation in skeletal muscle

155
Q

Explain the excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscles

A
156
Q

Explain the latch state of the crossbridge cycle

A
157
Q

What are the two ways to induce smooth muscle relaxation?

A

PAM 600 (4 decks)

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