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PAM 600 > General Physiology Week 1 > Flashcards

General Physiology Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The ability to maintain a relative consistency in the chemical and physical environment surronding the cells of our body, in the face of a variable external environment

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

provides a communication network to tissues and organs

A

Neuroendocrine system

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3
Q

what is the normal lab value for a arterial blood pH?

A

7.4

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4
Q

What is the normal lab value for mean arterial blood pressure?

A

90 mmHg

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5
Q

What is the normal lab value for the glomerular filtration rate?

A

120 mL/min

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6
Q

What are the three neural and hormonal mechanisms?

A

negative feedback
positive feedback (action potential)
feed forward (digestive)

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7
Q

What are the components of a negative feedback control system?

A
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8
Q

Explain the two negative feedback systems

A
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9
Q

Explain the positive feed back mechanism

A
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10
Q

Explain the feed forward mechanism

A
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11
Q

Fluid can move freely form the interstitial to plasma compartments and helps to maintain blood volume during?

A

hemorrhage

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12
Q

What can move freely form the interstitial to plasma compartments and helps to maintain blood volume during hemorrhage?

A

fluids

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13
Q

A hemorrhaging patient must lose about __ L of __ before the ___ is decreased by _ L

A

5 L of ECF
Plasma volume 1 L

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14
Q

To replace ___L of ____ approximately ___ L of intravascular isotonic saline must be infused

A

1 L Plasma Volume
5 L

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15
Q

What is included in the interstital fluid of the body?

A

lymph, CSF, synovial fluid, aqueous and vitreous humor (eyes), pleural, peritoneal, and percardial fluids

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16
Q

What is the breakdown of the fluid compartments of the body?

A
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17
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

A
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18
Q

What are the different types of membrane proteins and their functions?

A
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19
Q

Prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells

A

tight junctions

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20
Q

“Rivets” that anchor cells together

A

Desmosomes

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21
Q

transmembrane proteins form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell

A

Gap Junctions

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22
Q

channel between cells that allows the spread of ions between cardiac or smooth muscle cells

A

Connexon

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23
Q

What is Microvilli?

A
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24
Q

What is flagella?

A
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25
Q

What are pseudopods?

A
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26
Q

What are nonmotile cilium?

A
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27
Q

What are motile cilia and where can they be found?

A
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28
Q

What floats on top of saline layer and traps mucous and dust?

A

Mucus

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29
Q

defects in structure and function of cilia

A

ciliopathies

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30
Q

hereditary disease in which cells make chloride pumps, but fail to installl pumps in plasma membrane which interupts saline production and leads to thick mucous secretions

A

cystic fibrosis

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31
Q

What are components of cystic fibrosis

A
  • chloride pump fail to create adequate saline layer on cell surface. thick mucus plug pancreatic ducts ad respiratory tract
  • adequate digestion of nutrients and absorption of o2, chronic respiratory infections. life expectancy of 30.
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32
Q

What are the two types of membrane transport systems?

A
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33
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A
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34
Q

most water moves across membranes via a transmembrane protein

A

aquaporin

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35
Q

Explain the solute transport across a plasma membrane

A

In simple diffusion, the rate of solute entry increases linearly with extracellular concentration of the solute. Assuming no change in intracellular concentration, increasing the extracellular concentration increases the gradient that drives solute entry. In facilitated diffusion, the rate of transport is much faster, and increases linearly as the extracellular solute concentration increases. The increase in transport is limited by the availability of channels and carriers. Once all are occupied by solute, further increases in extracellular concentration have no effect on the rate of transport. A maximum rate of transport (Vmax) is achieved that cannot be exceeded

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36
Q

What are the three channels for facilitated diffusion?

A
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37
Q

transport that moves a range of ions and organic solutes passively across membranes

A

carrier-meditated transport
2.8 The role of a carrier protein in facilitated diffusion of solute molecules across a plasma membrane. In this example, solute transport into the cell is driven by the high solute concentration outside compared with inside. (A) Binding of extracellular solute to the membrane-spanning integral protein triggers a change in conformation that exposes the bound solute to the interior of the cell. (B) Bound solute readily dissociates from the carrier because of the low intracellular concentration of solute. The release of solute allows the carrier to revert to its original conformation (A) to begin the cycle again.

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38
Q

What are the different types of active transport proteins?

A
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39
Q

Explain the sodium potassium pump

A
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40
Q

The sodium potassium pump helps to create a ____

A

resting membrane potential

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41
Q

Explain the secondary active transport

A

glucose moves through the protein from any area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by indirectly using ATP from the sodium. The pump takes sodium and glucose into the protein than changes shape depositing both sodium and glucose into the cell

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42
Q

What are the properties and differences between the three carriers?

A

properties: specificity and saturation
differ in: the direction they move solutes
the number of solutes they can move

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43
Q

What are the three kinds of carriers?and examples

A
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44
Q

carries one type of solute

A

uniport

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45
Q

carries two or more solutes simultaneously in same direction (cotransport)

A

symport

46
Q

carries two or more solutes in opposite directions (countertransport)

A

antiport

47
Q

Explain transcellular transport

A

In a polarized cell, the entry and exit of solutes such as glucose, amino acids, and Na+ occur at opposite sides of the cell. Active entry of glucose and amino acids is restricted to the apical membrane, and exit requires equilibrating carriers located only in the basolateral membrane. For example, glucose enters on sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) and exits on glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2). Na+ that enters via the apical symporters is pumped out by the Na+/K+-ATPase on the basolateral membrane. The result is a net movement of solutes from the luminal side of the cell to the basolateral side, ensuring efficient absorption of glucose, amino acids, and Na+ from the intestinal lumen.

48
Q

Explain vesicular transport

A

Phagocytosis is the ingestion of large particles or microorganisms, usually occurring only in specialized cells such as macrophages (Fig. 2.4). An important function of macrophages is to remove invading bacteria from the body.

Foreign substances, such as diphtheria toxin and certain viruses, also enter cells by this pathway

There are two exocytic pathways—constitutive and regulated. The continuous secretion of mucus by goblet cells in the small intestine is an example of the constitutive pathway of exocytosis that is present in all cells. In other cells, macromolecules are stored inside the cell in secretory vesicles. These vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents only when a specific extracellular stimulus arrives at the cell membrane. This process, termed the regulated pathway, is responsible for the rapid “on-demand” secretion of many specific hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes.

49
Q

Explain the solute transport mechansim

A
50
Q

particles are driven through membrane by physical pressure (forcing into the cell)

A

filtration

51
Q

between cells

A

paracellular

52
Q

through cells

A

transcellular

53
Q

vesicular transport

A

transcytosis

54
Q

Water movement across plasma membrane driven by differences in ____

A

osmotic pressure

55
Q

Water follows the __ and travels through ___

A

solutes
aquaporins

56
Q

total solute concentration of a solution per 1 L solvent

A

osmolarity

57
Q

blood plasma, tissue fluid, and intracellular fluis are ___ milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L)

A

300

58
Q

pressure necessary to stop the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane that separates the solution from pure water

A

osmotic pressure

59
Q

a difference between the measured and estimated osmolarity

A

osmolar gap

60
Q

What causes osmolar gap? and what is an example?

A

-caused by the presence of additional solutes in plasma
-patients with alcohol intoxications or ethylene glycol poisoning will have an increased osmolar gap

61
Q

ability of solution surrounding cell (ECF) to affect fluid volume and pressure in cell

A

tonicity

62
Q

Tonicity depends and determines what?

A

depends on concentration of nonpermeating solutes
determines cell volume

63
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A
64
Q

What is a hypotonic soluion?

A
65
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A
66
Q

Explain the concept of steady state

A
67
Q

membrane potential at which the electrical driving force is equal and opposite to the chemical driving force

A

equilibrium potential (Ex)

68
Q

Explain the different electrochemical driving forces

A
69
Q

What are the different types of communications?

A
70
Q

What are the different types of cell surface receptors?

A
71
Q

What are the different classes of second messengers?

A
72
Q

What are the examples of cellular signal amplifications?

A
73
Q

Explain the production of cAMP?

A
74
Q

What are the divisions of CNS and PNS?

A
75
Q

What restricts access from the capillary into the brain?

A

blood-brain barrier

76
Q

What are the different types of glial cell types in the CNS?

A
77
Q

Explain the axonal transport?

A
78
Q

Lable the neuronal structure

A
79
Q

action potential generation zone and contain voltage gated channels

A

axon hillock

80
Q

recieves incoming signals

A

dendrites

81
Q

impulse conduction (action potentials)

A

axon

82
Q

secreton of neurotransmitter

A

nerve termini

83
Q

What gates are located in the neuron structures?

A

axon hillock- voltage gated
dendrites- ligand -gated and/or GPCR gated ion channels
axon- voltage gated and Na/K channels
nerve termini- voltage-gated Na, K and Ca channels

84
Q

Ligand-gated channels are ___

A

ionotropic

85
Q

G protein-coupled receptors are ___

A

metabotropic

86
Q

Exaplain the excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

A
87
Q

What are the different phases of the action potential?

A
88
Q

Explain the unidirectional propagation of action potentials?

A
89
Q

What influences conduction velocity?

A

myelination and fiber diameter
moves faster the more myelinated and larger it is

90
Q

myelination allows for ___

A

saltatory

91
Q

What is particularly sensitive to local anesthetics, which block sodium channels?

A

unmyelinated fibers

92
Q

What is more sensitive to compression, which can the cause loss of sensitivity to stimuli carried by those fibers?

A

larger fibers

93
Q

What are the steps on synaptic transmission?

A
94
Q

Explain the reuptake and recycling of glutamate through glial cells

A
95
Q

Neurotransmitter actions can be terminated by?

A

diffusion, degradation, or cellular uptake

96
Q

Explain how the receptor activation can produce inhibitory and excitatory effects?

A
97
Q

CNS neurotransmitters interact with?

A

ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

98
Q

What are the classical neurotransmitters?

A

histamine
purines

99
Q

What are the non-classical neurotransmitters?

A

eicosanoids
cannabiniods

100
Q

What are the neuropeptides?

A

opioids (endorphin, enkephalin, and dynorphin)

101
Q

autonomic receptors that bind to adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

adrenergic receptors

102
Q

What nervous system is responsible for adrenergic receptors?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

103
Q

What are the responsible neurotransmitters in adrenergic receptors?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

104
Q

What are the types of adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta receptors

105
Q

autonomic receptors that bind to acetylcholine

A

cholinergic receptors

106
Q

What nervous system is responsible for cholenrgic receptors?

A

parasympahetic nervous system

107
Q

What are the responsible neurotransmitters in cholinergic receptors?

A

acetylcholine

108
Q

What are the responsible neurotransmitters in cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

109
Q

What is a predominant second messenger in all cells?

A

cAMP

110
Q

cGMP AND NO are important second messengesr in?

A

smooth muscle and sensory cells

PAM 600 (4 decks)

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