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Brain and Behavior > Neuropathways > Flashcards

Neuropathways Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

Having an awareness of feelings, thoughts, and a perception

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2
Q

Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome (UWS)

A

Formerly vegetative state. Eyes can be opened, can only use reflexive movements

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3
Q

Minimally Conscious State

A

Some non-reflexive movements can be used as well as basic commands

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4
Q

Locked-in Syndrome (LIS)

A

Patient can think and feel, but cannot voluntarily move. NOT a consciousness disorder

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5
Q

Brain Stem (Medulla and Pons)

A

Responsible for turning on and off consciousness

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6
Q

Reticular Formation

A

In the Brain Stem, important for arousal attention, and wake-sleep cycle

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7
Q

Locus Ceruleus (LC)

A

Releases norepinephrine

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8
Q

Superchiasmatic Nucleus

A

Circadian Rhythm

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9
Q

seratonin

A

Arousal

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10
Q

Dopamine

A

Arousal

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11
Q

Histamine

A

Arousal (anti_______ make you drowsy)

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12
Q

Orexin

A

Arousal

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13
Q

Sleep Functions

A

Memory Consolidation, Restoration, Clearing the CNS, and Neurodevelopment

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14
Q

Sensation

A

Acquiring sensory information

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15
Q

Perception

A

The interpretation of sensory information

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16
Q

What is the receptor in the ear?

A

Stereocilla- Hair cells on the cochlea

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17
Q

Adequate Stimuli

A

What receptors detect

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18
Q

how are ear pathways organized?

A

tonotopic organization, specialized for detecting frequency

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19
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

base of the ear responds to high frequency, apex responds to low

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20
Q

MGN thalamus

A

Medial geniculate nucleus- specific for hearing

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21
Q

ipsilateral

A

Same side

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22
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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23
Q

decussate

A

Crossing the midline

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24
Q

Broca’s Area

A

language production, located in the frontal lobe

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25
Q

Where is the Primary motor area for the face located

A

Posterior to the Broca’s Area

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26
Q

Wernike’s Area

A

Language comprehension, located in the temporal lobe

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27
Q

Angular Gyrus

A

associated with reading (alexia) and writing (agraphia), located in the parietal lobe

28
Q

Arculate Fasiculus

A

white matter tract connecting broca’s and wernike’s areas. Injury is associated with aphasia

29
Q

conduct aphasia

A

Cannot repeat words or phrases, but can speak fluently and can comprehend. Injury to the arculate fissure

30
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

impairments to speech production, fluency, and repeating, but can comprehend. Injury to the broca’s area

31
Q

Wernike’s Aphasia

A

impairments in comprehension and word repetition, but can produce speech. Injury to the wernike’s area

32
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Inability to produce, repeat, or comprehend speech. Injury to broca’s and wernike’s area

33
Q

Lens

A

Flips imagine onto retina

34
Q

Retina

A

In the back of the eye, contains receptors

35
Q

Photoreceptors

A

specialized rods and cones

36
Q

Macula

A

Inside retina, centers vision

37
Q

Fovia

A

Very center of the eye, contains a lot of cones

38
Q

Dorsal Stream of Vision

A

Where info

39
Q

Ventral Stream of Vision

40
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize faces

41
Q

Object agnosia

A

Inability to recognize objects

42
Q

akinetitopsia (movement agnosia)

A

Inability to recognize moving objects

43
Q

Hemispacial neglect

A

inattention to a field of vision after injury

44
Q

Magnocellular (m cells)

A

Light intensity and movement, primarily from rods

45
Q

parvocellular (p cells)

A

Color intensity and fine details primarily from cones

46
Q

Rods

A

specialize in dim light and movement, uses photopigment rhodopsin, many rods in one ganglion cell

47
Q

Cones

A

specialize in bright light and color. uses photopigment iodopsin, few cones in one ganglion cell

48
Q

Phototransduction

A

Turning light info into electrical info

49
Q

somatosensory system

A

sense of touch and pain

50
Q

proprioception

A

sense of where ones body is in space

51
Q

nociceptors

A

pain and temperature receptors

52
Q

sensory homonculus

A

specific areas of S1 which correspond to specific parts of the body

53
Q

Basal ganglia

A

initiates movement and procedural (motor) memory

54
Q

Cerebellum

A

error correction and balance

55
Q

prefrontal area

A

selection of a target

56
Q

premotor area

A

Assembling movement plan

57
Q

supplemental motor area

A

assembling extra detail in movement plan for M1

58
Q

Ataxia

A

impaired balance and coordination due to injury of cerebellum

59
Q

Apraxia

A

loss of skilled movement due to injury to dorsal stream

60
Q

hemiplagia

A

loss of voluntary movement on one side of the body due to injury of CST

61
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

a neurodegenerative disorder due to a loss of dopamine

62
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Projects dopamine to the striatum in the basal ganglia

63
Q

Parkinson’s Disease Symptoms

A

bradykensia, rigidity, tremors, gait changes, apathy (impaired motivation)

64
Q

L-Dopa

A

A precursor to dopamine that can cross the BBB

65
Q

Dopamine Agonist

A

Binds to dopamine receptors to mimic its effects

66
Q

dyskinesia

A

excessive movements, a common symptom of Parkinson’s treatments

Brain and Behavior (4 decks)

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