Neuropathology Flashcards
what are duret hemorrhages
secondary hemorrhagic lesions in the midbrain and pons due to progression herniation
which two things can cause a hemorrhagic stroke
1.) hypertension
2.) vascular anomalies like aneurysms
what is global cerebral ischemia (diffuse ischemic/hypoxic encephalopathy)
reduction of cerebral perfusion caused by cardiac arrest, shock, or severe hypotension
cerebral infarct caused by thrombus is often associated with which two conditions
1.) hypertension
2.) diabetes
what are the two main causes of a cerebral infarct caused by inflammation of blood vessels
1.) infectious vasculitis
2.) non-infectious vasculitis
what are three causes of cerebral infarcts caused by “other” things
1.) hypercoagulation states
2.) dissecting aneurysm of arteries in the neck
3.) drug abuse
which two things increase your risk for a saccular aneurysms
1.) smoking
2.) hypertension
what are the three most common locations for a cavernous malformation
1.) cerebellum
2.) pons
3.) subcortical region
what is the most frequent clinical presentation of meningovascular syphilis
stroke
what is Heubner arteritis
thickening and lymphocytic infiltration of intima seen in neurosyphilis
what will a bacterial meningitis spinal tap reveal
high neutrophil count
high protein
low glucose
CMV affects the brain in which three ways
1.) periventricular necrosis
2.) microcephaly
3.) periventricular calcification
what are the three neuropathologic effects seen in HIV with antiviral therapy
1.) aseptic meningitis
2.) mild lymphocytic meningitis
3.) HIV encephalitis
which two things are common to see histologically in HIV cases
1.) microglial nodule
2.) multinucleated giant cell
fungal infections most often cause which three forms of CNS injury
1.) chronic meningitis
2.) vasculitis
3.) parenchymal invasion
which four types of pathologic processes can result in loss of myelin
1.) immune-mediated
2.) viral
3.) drug
4.) inherited disorders
what is seen grossly in someone with Huntington disease
atrophy of caudate nucleus and putamen
what is seen grossly in the brain of someone with chronic carbon monoxide poisoning
ischemic or hemorrhage necrosis in globus pallidus
demyelination in white matter that doesn’t affect arcuate fibers
what is the most common type of embryonal neoplasm of the brain
medulloblastoma within the cerebellum
what is seen histologically in primary CNS lymphoma
malignant cells around vessels and necrosis
what is the most common genetic abnormality to cause a meningioma
loss of chromosome 22
what is seen histologically in a meningioma
psammoma bodies
what are the 5 most common primary metastasis sites of brain tumors
1.) lung
2.) breast
3.) skin
4.) kidney
5.) GI
