Neuropathology

Question 1

what are duret hemorrhages

Answer 1

secondary hemorrhagic lesions in the midbrain and pons due to progression herniation

Question 2

which two things can cause a hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 2

1.) hypertension
2.) vascular anomalies like aneurysms

Question 3

what is global cerebral ischemia (diffuse ischemic/hypoxic encephalopathy)

Answer 3

reduction of cerebral perfusion caused by cardiac arrest, shock, or severe hypotension

Question 4

cerebral infarct caused by thrombus is often associated with which two conditions

Answer 4

1.) hypertension
2.) diabetes

Question 5

what are the two main causes of a cerebral infarct caused by inflammation of blood vessels

Answer 5

1.) infectious vasculitis
2.) non-infectious vasculitis

Question 6

what are three causes of cerebral infarcts caused by “other” things

Answer 6

1.) hypercoagulation states
2.) dissecting aneurysm of arteries in the neck
3.) drug abuse

Question 7

which two things increase your risk for a saccular aneurysms

Answer 7

1.) smoking
2.) hypertension

Question 8

what are the three most common locations for a cavernous malformation

Answer 8

1.) cerebellum
2.) pons
3.) subcortical region

Question 9

what is the most frequent clinical presentation of meningovascular syphilis

Answer 9

stroke

Question 10

what is Heubner arteritis

Answer 10

thickening and lymphocytic infiltration of intima seen in neurosyphilis

Question 11

what will a bacterial meningitis spinal tap reveal

Answer 11

high neutrophil count
high protein
low glucose

Question 12

CMV affects the brain in which three ways

Answer 12

1.) periventricular necrosis
2.) microcephaly
3.) periventricular calcification

Question 13

what are the three neuropathologic effects seen in HIV with antiviral therapy

Answer 13

1.) aseptic meningitis
2.) mild lymphocytic meningitis
3.) HIV encephalitis

Question 14

which two things are common to see histologically in HIV cases

Answer 14

1.) microglial nodule
2.) multinucleated giant cell

Question 15

fungal infections most often cause which three forms of CNS injury

Answer 15

1.) chronic meningitis
2.) vasculitis
3.) parenchymal invasion

Question 16

which four types of pathologic processes can result in loss of myelin

Answer 16

1.) immune-mediated
2.) viral
3.) drug
4.) inherited disorders

Question 17

what is seen grossly in someone with Huntington disease

Answer 17

atrophy of caudate nucleus and putamen

Question 18

what is seen grossly in the brain of someone with chronic carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 18

ischemic or hemorrhage necrosis in globus pallidus

demyelination in white matter that doesn’t affect arcuate fibers

Question 19

what is the most common type of embryonal neoplasm of the brain

Answer 19

medulloblastoma within the cerebellum

Question 20

what is seen histologically in primary CNS lymphoma

Answer 20

malignant cells around vessels and necrosis

Question 21

what is the most common genetic abnormality to cause a meningioma

Answer 21

loss of chromosome 22

Question 22

what is seen histologically in a meningioma

Answer 22

psammoma bodies

Question 23

what are the 5 most common primary metastasis sites of brain tumors

Answer 23

1.) lung
2.) breast
3.) skin
4.) kidney
5.) GI