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NSB II > Neuropath Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Neuropath Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the calvarium?

A

the convex dome shaped part of the skull that protects soft tissues and the brain

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2
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

an invagination of dura mater divides the brain cranial and caudal; ossified in cats

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3
Q

what is the falx cerebri?

A

sickle shaped fold of dura mater that separates the brain into left and right

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4
Q

be able to label all the anatomy in this ppt! including the layers of the cerebellar cortex

A

do it!

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5
Q

what is in the cerebral cortex?

A

gray matter; made up of neuron and neuropil

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6
Q

what is in the corona radiata?

A

white matter made up of myelin and axons

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7
Q

what are the 4 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. purkinje cell layer
  3. internal granular layer
  4. cerebellar white matter
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8
Q

what is a lesion of the cerebral cortex called? what about the corona radiata?

A

cerebral cortex: polioencephalopathy

corona radiata: leukoencephalopathy

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9
Q

what is malacia?

A

softening and liquefactive necrosis of the neuroparenchyma

can have poliomyelomalacia or leukoencephalomalacia or any combo if in brain or spinal cord

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10
Q

what are the 4 factors considered when assigning a morphological diagnosis to a neurological lesion?

A
  1. focal versus diffuse
  2. symmetrical versus asymmetrical
  3. root for brain part
  4. process

ex. focal symmetrical encephalomalacia

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11
Q

describe the choroid plexus; give function, possible pathologies, and what inflammation of this region is called

A

function: produce CSF

pathologies: bacterial or viral disease may start here and then spread

inflammation: choroid plexitis or choroiditis

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12
Q

describe hydrocephalus (3) what might a dog with hydrocephalus also have?

A
  1. dilated lateral ventricles
  2. atrophy of surrounding neuroparynchema
  3. loss of septum pellucidum

might also have hydromelia

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13
Q

what is ependyma?

A

single layer of epithelium lining the ventricular system and central canal of spinal cord; keeps CSF in

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14
Q

what can ependymitis result in?

A

obstructive hydrocephalus; exudate in aqueduct, surface is irregular and no longer smooth due to inflammation and necrosis of the ependymal lining

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15
Q

what covers the CNS?

A

the meninges!

  1. dura mater: attached to cranial vault; loose in the spinal column
    -inflammation = pacymeningitis
  2. arachnoid: avascular
  3. pia mater: where the vessels are

leptomeninges: arachnoid + pia
-inflammation = leptomeningitis

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of cells in the CNS?

A
  1. neurons with dendrites and axons
  2. glial cells:
    -oligodendrocytes
    -astrocytes
    -microglia
17
Q

describe normal neurons (4)

A
  1. large nucleus with nucleolus
  2. visible cytoplasm
  3. axon and dendrites
  4. nissl substance outside
18
Q

describe chromatolysis

A
  1. degenerative change usually associated with axonal injury
  2. results in neurons with swollen cells bodies and loss of Nissl substance
19
Q

describe ischemic neuronal necrosis

A
  1. neurons look shrunken, eosinophilic, and angular
  2. in the CNS, neurons are most sensitive to hypoxia but this varies by location
20
Q

describe neuronophagia

A
  1. piecemeal fragmentation and phagocytosis of dead neurons
  2. due to neuronal infection: viruses or listeria
21
Q

describe lysosomal storage disease

A
  1. cytoplasmic vacuolation
  2. mannosidosis in cattle with locoweed toxicosis
22
Q

how can rabies alter neurons? what about prions?

A

rabies: intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies

prions: cytoplasmic vacuolation

23
Q

describe axons

A
  1. many surrounded by myelin sheath that is produced by:
    -oligodendrocytes in the CNS or
    -Schwann cells in PNS
  2. reaction to injury:
    -spheroids: swollen axons
    -wallerian degeneration: interruption of axon causes dissolution and loss of axon distal to damage, resulting in myelin removed by phagocytosis in digestion chambers
    -astrocytosis: increase in number (hyperplasia)
    -astrogliosis: increase in cell processes (hypertrophy)
24
Q

what do axons do? (3)

A
  1. structural support: brain glue
  2. repair: CNS fibroblasts
  3. blood-brain barrier
25
Q

what are gemistocytes?

A

reactive astrocytes with visible eosinophilic cytoplasm

26
Q

what are alzheimer type II cells?

A

astrocytes with clear, swollen nuclei seen in hepatic and renal encepholapathies (no relation to alzheimers disease)

27
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?; describe demyelination

A

myelin formation

loss of myelin, seen as holes

28
Q

describe status spongiosus

A

vacuolation of neuroparenchyma due to
1. demyelination (white matter)
2. edema
3. prion diseases
4. artifact

29
Q

what are microglia?

A
  1. macrophages in the brain
  2. phagocytic
  3. immune defenders of the brain
30
Q

describe microgliosis

A
  1. diffuse or focal proliferation of microglia
  2. glial nodule: hallmark of viral encephalitis
31
Q

what are gitter cells?

A
  1. foamy, lipid-laden macrophages bc they ingested a lot of brain stuff (lipid)
  2. two sources:
    -circulating monocytes: primary source
    -resident microglia

NSB II (17 decks)

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