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BIO 1710 > Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling > Flashcards

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Presynaptic cell

A
  • Cell body (has most neurons organelles)
  • Dendrites (branches of trees, receive signals)
  • Axon (a long extension, transmit signals)
  • Glial cells/glia
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2
Q

Postsynaptic cell (receiver)

A
  • Synapse
  • Neurotransmitters pass info from the transmitting neuron to the receiving cell.
  • synaptic terminals
  • Glial cells/Glia
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3
Q

2 types of glial cells

A
  • Astrocytes

- Oligodendrocytes

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4
Q

3 steps of information processing in neuron system

A
  • Sensory input/sensory neuron
  • Intergration/interneuron
  • Motor output/motor neuron
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5
Q

What neuron carry out intergration

A
  • Central nervous system (CNS)
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6
Q

What neuron carry out input and output

A
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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7
Q

Membrane potential

A
  • attracts opposite charges, potential energy (-50 to -100mV)
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8
Q

Resting potential

A
  • not sending a signal ( -60 to -80mV)
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9
Q

What types of ions and pump play an important role in resting potential

A
  • Potassium ions and sodium ions. Every 3 sodium out, 2 potassium in
  • Their channels
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10
Q

Are there more Na channels or K channels

A
  • K channels, thats why resting potential is closer to Ek than Ena
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11
Q

Ek negative or positive

A
  • Negative
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12
Q

What is equilibrium potential (Eion)

A
  • the membrane voltage for a particular ion at equilibrium and can be calculated using the Nernst equation
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13
Q

Ena is negative or positive

A
  • Positive
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14
Q

What causes changes in membrane potential

A
  • Gated ion channels that open and close in order to response a specific stimuli
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15
Q

What is hyperpolarization

A
  • An increase in magnitude of membrane potential (more negative inside)
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16
Q

What is depolarization

A
  • A decrease in magnitude of membrane potential (less negative inside)
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17
Q

Graded potential

A
  • Cause a smal magnitude change by hyperpolarizations
18
Q

Action potential

A
  • A big jump cause by depolarization, conducted by the axons
19
Q

Generation of action potentials

A
  • Resting state: all K and Na channels closed, ungated channels maintain resting potential
  • Gated Na channels opens as it becomes depolarization
  • Rising phase
  • Falling phase: most Na channels become inactivated, and most K channels open
  • Undershoot: Na channels closed, some K channels still open
20
Q

Refractory period

A
  • After the action potential, further stimulus has no effect
21
Q

What cause refractory period

A
  • Temporary inactivation of Na channels
22
Q

What site the action potential is generated

A
  • Axon hillock
23
Q

In what direction does action potential travel

A

Toward the synaptic terminals

24
Q

What prevent action potential from travelling backwards

A
  • Inactivated Na channels
25
Q

The speed of action potential increase proportionally to what

A
  • Axon’s diameter
26
Q

What is myelin sheath

A
  • It is made by glia oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS
27
Q

Myelin sheath in action potential

A
  • It insulates axons and help action potential speed increase
28
Q

What position on the axons action potentials form

A
  • Nodes of Ranvier (gaps between myelin sheath)
29
Q

What is the process of action potentials jumping from node to node called

A
  • Saltatory conduction
30
Q

Where does the transmission of information from neurons to other cells occur

A
  • At the synapses
31
Q

At electrical synapses

A
  • the electrical current flows from one neuron to another

- found in heart and brain

32
Q

At chemical synapses

A
  • a chemical neurotransmitter carries information across the gap junction
33
Q

Most synapses are chemical or electrical

A
  • Chemical
34
Q

What gated channels involved in chemical synapses

A
  • Ca channels
35
Q

2 postsynaptic potentials

A
  • Excitatory postsynaptic potentials: depolarization

- Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials: hyperpolarization

36
Q

After being released from the synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter will

A
  • diffused out of the synaptic cleft
  • taken up by surrounding cells
  • degraded by enzymes
37
Q

What is temporal summation

A

Two excitatory post synapsis potentials are produced and cause a jumping over threshold

38
Q

Spatial summation

A
  • Two spontaneous excitatory post synapsis produced
39
Q

Five groups of neurotransmitters

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Biogenic amines
  • Amino acids
  • Neuropeptides
  • Gases
40
Q

Some nervous system disorder

A
  • Parkinson

- Alzheimer

BIO 1710 (5 decks)

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