Chapter 40: Animal Form and Function Flashcards
What is anatomy
The study of the biological form of an organism
What is physiology
the study of the biological functions an organism performs.
Is form and function of the animals correlated with each other
Yes
What change the pattern of development program in animal (evolution, adaptation)
The Genome
What do physical laws constrain
Strength, diffusion, movement, heat exchange
What is the noticeable appearance of sea animals who are fast swimmer
Their apperance is limited and has a fusiform, tapered on both ends
What is increasing size in animals proportional to
Their skeleton, muscle to support their mass
Evolutionary convergence reflects what?
Different species’ adaptations to a smiliar environmental challenge
Example of convergence evolution
Shark(fish) and dolphin(mammal), although they aren’t the same species, they both have streamline shape to live underwater
What kind of size and shape can benefit most from exchanging with the OUTER environment
Flat shape like tape worm, sacklike body plan
What exchange in complex body helps get rid of wastes and obtain nutrients
Exchange between interstitial fluid and circulatory fluid
What’s the difference between adaptation and acclimatization
- Adaptation refers to a trait that evolve as a result of natural selection, a process of change
- Acclimatization doesn’t evolve genetic change, a temporary change
Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell’s surface area
Diffusion
Amount of exchange material is proportional to a cell’s volume
Metabolism
What is law of diffusion
dictates the rate at which material diffuse into and out of the tissue
What is law of diffusion calculates
- Surface area
- Concentration difference
- Distance
List hierarchical organization of body plans from smallest to largest
Cell - Tissues - Organ - Organ system
Pancreas belong to 2 organ systems
Endocrine and digestive
Four main types of tissues
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
What’s epithelial tissue form
Covers the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the body
What is epithelial tissue function
- Protect from the environemnt
- Exchange movement of materials in and out of the body
3 shapes of epithelial cells
- cuboidal (dice) (kidney glands salivary glands, secretion)
- columnar (bricks on end)
- Squamous(floor tiles)
3 arrangements of epithelial cells
- Simple (single-cell layer)
- Stratified (multiple tiers of cells)
- Pseydostratified (single layers with different length)
Is epithelia polarized
- Yes as they have two different sides. Apical surface faces the lumen (cavity), basal surface is the opposite side
What is connective tissue made of
Cells that are surrounded by ECM (fibers in a liquid, jellylike or solid foundation)
o=Connective tissues function
- Binds and support other tissues
3 types of connective tissue fibers
- collagenous fibers (prodive strength and flexibility)
- Reticular fibers
- elastic fibers (make tissues elastic)
Types of connective tissue
- Loose
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Blood
- fibrous (tendon, ligament)
- adipose
Muscle tissue
Composed of thin cells capable of contraction
Muscle tissue functions
- Responsible for body movement
3 types of muscle tissue in vertebrate body
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue
- Long striped shape
- under voluntary control
- Building muscles increases its size, NOT muscle FIBERs.
Characteristics of smooth muscle
- spindle-shaped
- found in walls of digestive tract, bladder
- Under involuntary control
Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue
- has branched fibers to connect and send signals from cell to cell.
- gap junctions, small multiple nucleated cells
- spontaneously active
What is the basic units of nervous system
- Neurons
Function of nervous tissue
- receive, process and transmist info to the body
Nervous tissue contain
- neurons (transmit nerve impulses)
- glial cells or glia (nourish, insulate, replenish neurons)
Structure of neuron
- Cell body,
- axon
- dendrites
What are 2 main major systmes for coordinating and controlling responses
- Endocrine system
- Nervous system
What is a regulator animal
- A regulator animals are animals that can remain and control their own internal body temp without being affected by the external environment
What is a conformer animal
- A conformer is animal that internal condition change base on the external changes.
What is homeostasis
Steady state of internal maintenance when the external envi changes significantly.
What are some homeostasis examples in human
- Temp (37C, 98.6F)
- Blood pH
- Blood glucose
What kind of feedback does homeostasis has
- Negative feedback to help return everything too high or too low to a set point
Thermoregulation
- the process animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range.
Endothermic
- Gain heat by metabolism inside the body (mammals, birds)
Ectothermic
- Gain heat from external sources (Reptiles, fishes, amphibians, invertebrates)
Ectotherm, endotherm vs poikilotherm, homeotherm
- Ectotherm, endotherm are like the way they remain their heat and exchange with the environment
- Poikilotherm, homeotherm are body temp (one varied with the environment, one doesn’t)
Four physical process to exchange heat in organisms
- Radiation
- Conduction
- Evaporation
- Convection
What’s the purpose of thermoregulation
- Maintain a rate of heat gain that equals to the rate of heat loss
Heat regulation in mammals often involves what system
- Integumentary sysytem: skin, hair and nails
5 adaptations help animals thermoregulate
- Insulation
- Circulatory
- Cooling by evaporative heat loss
- Behavior responses
- Adjusting metabolic heat production (moving or shivering)
