Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EDUCM5405 - Brain, Mind & Education > Neurons & Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neurons & Neuroanatomy Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
1
Q

The brain is made up of three sections. What are they?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two components of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two parts of the PNS?

A
  1. Autonomic Nervous System
  2. Somatic Nervous System
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

Internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A

Input and output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Brainstem
  3. Spinal Cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two parts of the forebrain?

A
  1. Telencephalon - cortex
  2. Diencephalon - caudal part of forebrain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the four structures within the telencephalon?

A
  1. Cerebral Cortex
  2. Basal Ganglia
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Amygdala
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two structures within the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What part of the brain is the mesencephalon in?

A

The midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two structures within the mesencephalon?

A
  1. Tectum
  2. Tegmentum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two parts of the hindbrain?

A
  1. Metencephalon
  2. Myelencephalon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two structures within the metencephalon?

A
  1. Pons
  2. Cerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the structure within the myelencephalon called?

A

Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the medulla responsible for?

A

Maintains breathing, blood circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the pons responsible for?

A

Relays movement
Regulates breathing, taste and sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Motor coordination
Precision
Accurate timing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the tegmentum?

A

Nuclei connected to motor control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the tectum do?

A

Controls and relays sensor information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Sensory relay to the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Maintains the internal environment of the body (aka homeostasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the outer surface of the forebrain called?

A

The cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Large, thin sheet of tissue
Subdivided into regions called lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A
  1. Frontal Lobes
  2. Parietal Lobes
  3. Temporal Lobes
  4. Occipital Lobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the gyrus?

A

Each bump or convolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the sulcus?

A

Each of the valleys between the bumps
If deep, it’s a fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Executive function/high-level thought
Planning, reasoning, inhibition
Contains motor regions with the planning and execution of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Sensory perception
Mathematics
Spatial reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Auditory processing
Language processing
Also memory in the medial temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Most of the brain’s neurons are located here
Movement - Automatic & coordinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two hemispheres separated by?

A

The corpus collosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 7 subcortical structures?

A
  1. Cingulate cortex
  2. Cerebral cortex
  3. Pituitary gland
  4. Hypothalamus
  5. Amygdala
  6. Thalamus
  7. Hippocampus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does contralateral organisation mean?

A

One half of the brain controls the other side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the main planes with which to view the brain?

A

Rostal/Anterior - front
Caudal/Posterior - back
Superior/Dorsal - top
Inferior/Ventral - bottom
Medial - towards middle
Lateral - away from middle
Sagittal - down the middle
Horizontal/transverse - horizontal
Coronal - vertical between ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What can damage at identifiable cortical sites produce?

A

Apraxias
Agnosias
Aphasias
Disorders of planning or social cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are apraxias?

A

Disorders in action

35
Q

What are agnosias?

A

Disorders in perception

36
Q

What are aphasias?

A

Disorders in language

37
Q

What is Expressive/Broca’s aphasia?

A

Partial loss of the ability to produce spoken, manual or written language
Comprehension generally remains intact

38
Q

What is Comprehensive/Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Impaired language comprehension

39
Q

What are the two main classes of cells?

A

Neurons and glia

40
Q

What are neurons?

A

Cells in the nervous system that carry information from one place to another
The basic unit of communication in the nervous system

41
Q

How do neurons communicate throughout the brain and body?

A

Through a combination of electrical and chemical signals

42
Q

What are the glia?

A

Support cells

43
Q

What are the glia responsible for?

A

Aid with reorganisation after brain damage - remove dead neurons
Critical in maintaining the blood-brain barrier

44
Q

What structures make up a neuron?

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Nucleus
  3. Axon
  4. Myelin sheaths
  5. Axon terminals
  6. Schwann cells
  7. Soma
45
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

Through electrochemical transmissions

46
Q

Communication ____ a neuron is electrical.

A

Within

47
Q

Communication ____ neurons is chemical.

A

Between

48
Q

What occurs via an action potential?

A

Communication within a neuron

49
Q

How do action potentials work?

A

They force electrical energy from one end of a neuron to the other through propagation.

50
Q

How is action potential propagated in a neuron?

A

AP generated at the soma propagates as a wave along the axon.
Currents flowing inwards on the axon during AP spread out along the axon.
Depolarise the adjacent sections of its membrane.

51
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that cross over the synaptic cleft between neurons.

52
Q

What do neurotransmitters do?

A

Latch onto receptors on the post-synaptic neuron.
Contribute to the firing of a new action potential.

53
Q

What does the Lock & Key model show?

A

Neurotransmitters can only affect the post-synaptic neuron if they fit the shape of the specific post-synaptic receptor.

54
Q

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for attention and memory?

A

Acetylcholine

55
Q

What is acetylcholine responsible for?

A

Overall cortical excitability
Memory
Attention

56
Q

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for sleep, mood and sexual behaviour?

A

Serotonin

57
Q

What is serotonin responsible for?

A

Sleep
Mood
Sexual behaviour
Eating
Arousal
Memory
Pain

58
Q

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for sleep, attention and working memory?

A

Norepinephrine

59
Q

What is norepinephrine responsible for?

A

Feeding
Sexual behaviour
Sleep
Attention
Working memory

60
Q

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for working memory, motor activity. and reward?

A

Dopamine

61
Q

What is dopamine responsible for?

A

Working memory
Novelty seeking
Motor activity
Reward
Planning

62
Q

What system is acetylcholine a part of?

A

Cholinergic system

63
Q

What system is serotonin a part of?

A

Serotonergic system

64
Q

What system is norepinephrine a part of?

A

Noradrenergic system

65
Q

What system is dopamine a part of?

A

Dopaminergic system

66
Q

What is organised by cytoarchitecture?

A

Broadmann areas.

67
Q

What does PET scan stand for?

A

Positron Emission Tomography

68
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

An imaging test that uses a special dye containing radioactive tracers that are injected into the bloodstream

69
Q

Name one pro and con of PET scans.

A

Pro: accurate targeting using chemical messengers
Con: Poor spatial and temporal resolution, safety limitations

70
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

Electroencephalogy

71
Q

How does an EEG work?

A

Records the low level electrical fields created by neural activity.

72
Q

Name one pro and con of an EEG scan.

A

Pro: Very good temporal resolution, good for children
Con: Spatial resolution not great - improves with number of electrodes

73
Q

When do we see Alpha 7 Hz - 14 Hz on an EEG?

A

Emerges with relaxation

74
Q

When do we see Beta 15 Hz to approx 30 Hz on an EEG?

A

Is dominanat when anxious

75
Q

When do we see Theta 4 Hx to 7 Hz on an EEG?

A

Relaxed, meditative and creative states.

76
Q

What does fMRI stand for?

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

77
Q

How does an fMRI work?

A

By detecting the changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity.

When a brain area is more active it consumes more oxygen and to meet this increased demand blood flow increases to the active area.

78
Q

What do differences in MR responses allow?

A

For an image to be built up of the blood oxygenation.

79
Q

What does BOLD stand for?

A

Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent

80
Q

What are we able to do by subtracting data from two MR conditions?

A

Map brain activity, that occurs due to the function we’re studying, using the BOLD signal.

81
Q

Name the pros and cons of fMRI.

A

Pros: Spatial resolution is very good & temporal resolution is okay.
Cons: Comfort of participants and lack of convenience - loud sound and confined space

82
Q

What does magnetoencephalography do?

A

Measures magnetic fields circulating electrical activity on the surface of the scalp.

83
Q

Name the pros and cons of magnetoencephalography.

A

Pros: Good temporal resolution, and better spatial resolution than EEG
Cons: Prone to distortion and expensive

84
Q

What does TMS stand for?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

85
Q

What is TMS used for at low intensities?

A

To stimulate specific brain
regions.

86
Q

What does TMS cause at high intensities?

A

A temporary disruption to a
localised brain region

87
Q

Name the pros and cons of TMS.

A

Pros: Increases confidence in causal relationships & is safe is administered correctly
Cons: Sometimes uncomfortable and intrusive

88
Q

How does TMS work?

A

A coil is placed over a particular part of the head and a magnetic pulse/s is delivered to that region of the brain

EDUCM5405 - Brain, Mind & Education (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions