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EDUCM5405 - Brain, Mind & Education > Neurons & Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neurons & Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The brain is made up of three sections. What are they?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
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2
Q

What are the two components of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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3
Q

What are the two parts of the PNS?

A
  1. Autonomic Nervous System
  2. Somatic Nervous System
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4
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

Internal organs

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5
Q

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A

Input and output

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6
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Brainstem
  3. Spinal Cord
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7
Q

What are the two parts of the forebrain?

A
  1. Telencephalon - cortex
  2. Diencephalon - caudal part of forebrain
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8
Q

What are the four structures within the telencephalon?

A
  1. Cerebral Cortex
  2. Basal Ganglia
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Amygdala
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9
Q

What are the two structures within the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
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10
Q

What part of the brain is the mesencephalon in?

A

The midbrain

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11
Q

What are the two structures within the mesencephalon?

A
  1. Tectum
  2. Tegmentum
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12
Q

What are the two parts of the hindbrain?

A
  1. Metencephalon
  2. Myelencephalon
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13
Q

What are the two structures within the metencephalon?

A
  1. Pons
  2. Cerebellum
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14
Q

What is the structure within the myelencephalon called?

A

Medulla

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15
Q

What is the medulla responsible for?

A

Maintains breathing, blood circulation

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16
Q

What is the pons responsible for?

A

Relays movement
Regulates breathing, taste and sleep

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17
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Motor coordination
Precision
Accurate timing

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18
Q

What is the tegmentum?

A

Nuclei connected to motor control

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19
Q

What does the tectum do?

A

Controls and relays sensor information

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20
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Sensory relay to the cerebral cortex

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21
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Maintains the internal environment of the body (aka homeostasis)

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22
Q

What is the outer surface of the forebrain called?

A

The cerebral cortex

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23
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Large, thin sheet of tissue
Subdivided into regions called lobes

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24
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A
  1. Frontal Lobes
  2. Parietal Lobes
  3. Temporal Lobes
  4. Occipital Lobes
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25
What is the gyrus?
Each bump or convolution
26
What is the sulcus?
Each of the valleys between the bumps If deep, it's a fissure
27
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Executive function/high-level thought Planning, reasoning, inhibition Contains motor regions with the planning and execution of movement
27
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Sensory perception Mathematics Spatial reasoning
27
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Auditory processing Language processing Also memory in the medial temporal lobe
28
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Vision
29
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
Most of the brain's neurons are located here Movement - Automatic & coordinated
30
What are the two hemispheres separated by?
The corpus collosum
31
What are the 7 subcortical structures?
1. Cingulate cortex 2. Cerebral cortex 3. Pituitary gland 4. Hypothalamus 5. Amygdala 6. Thalamus 7. Hippocampus
31
What does contralateral organisation mean?
One half of the brain controls the other side of the body
32
What are the main planes with which to view the brain?
Rostal/Anterior - front Caudal/Posterior - back Superior/Dorsal - top Inferior/Ventral - bottom Medial - towards middle Lateral - away from middle Sagittal - down the middle Horizontal/transverse - horizontal Coronal - vertical between ears
33
What can damage at identifiable cortical sites produce?
Apraxias Agnosias Aphasias Disorders of planning or social cognition
34
What are apraxias?
Disorders in action
35
What are agnosias?
Disorders in perception
36
What are aphasias?
Disorders in language
37
What is Expressive/Broca's aphasia?
Partial loss of the ability to produce spoken, manual or written language Comprehension generally remains intact
38
What is Comprehensive/Wernicke's aphasia?
Impaired language comprehension
39
What are the two main classes of cells?
Neurons and glia
40
What are neurons?
Cells in the nervous system that carry information from one place to another The basic unit of communication in the nervous system
41
How do neurons communicate throughout the brain and body?
Through a combination of electrical and chemical signals
42
What are the glia?
Support cells
43
What are the glia responsible for?
Aid with reorganisation after brain damage - remove dead neurons Critical in maintaining the blood-brain barrier
44
What structures make up a neuron?
1. Dendrites 2. Nucleus 3. Axon 4. Myelin sheaths 5. Axon terminals 6. Schwann cells 7. Soma
45
How do neurons communicate?
Through electrochemical transmissions
46
Communication ____ a neuron is electrical.
Within
47
Communication ____ neurons is chemical.
Between
48
What occurs via an action potential?
Communication within a neuron
49
How do action potentials work?
They force electrical energy from one end of a neuron to the other through propagation.
50
How is action potential propagated in a neuron?
AP generated at the soma propagates as a wave along the axon. Currents flowing inwards on the axon during AP spread out along the axon. Depolarise the adjacent sections of its membrane.
51
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals that cross over the synaptic cleft between neurons.
52
What do neurotransmitters do?
Latch onto receptors on the post-synaptic neuron. Contribute to the firing of a new action potential.
53
What does the Lock & Key model show?
Neurotransmitters can only affect the post-synaptic neuron if they fit the shape of the specific post-synaptic receptor.
54
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for attention and memory?
Acetylcholine
55
What is acetylcholine responsible for?
Overall cortical excitability Memory Attention
56
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for sleep, mood and sexual behaviour?
Serotonin
57
What is serotonin responsible for?
Sleep Mood Sexual behaviour Eating Arousal Memory Pain
58
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for sleep, attention and working memory?
Norepinephrine
59
What is norepinephrine responsible for?
Feeding Sexual behaviour Sleep Attention Working memory
60
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for working memory, motor activity. and reward?
Dopamine
61
What is dopamine responsible for?
Working memory Novelty seeking Motor activity Reward Planning
62
What system is acetylcholine a part of?
Cholinergic system
63
What system is serotonin a part of?
Serotonergic system
64
What system is norepinephrine a part of?
Noradrenergic system
65
What system is dopamine a part of?
Dopaminergic system
66
What is organised by cytoarchitecture?
Broadmann areas.
67
What does PET scan stand for?
Positron Emission Tomography
68
What is a PET scan?
An imaging test that uses a special dye containing radioactive tracers that are injected into the bloodstream
69
Name one pro and con of PET scans.
Pro: accurate targeting using chemical messengers Con: Poor spatial and temporal resolution, safety limitations
70
What does EEG stand for?
Electroencephalogy
71
How does an EEG work?
Records the low level electrical fields created by neural activity.
72
Name one pro and con of an EEG scan.
Pro: Very good temporal resolution, good for children Con: Spatial resolution not great - improves with number of electrodes
73
When do we see Alpha 7 Hz - 14 Hz on an EEG?
Emerges with relaxation
74
When do we see Beta 15 Hz to approx 30 Hz on an EEG?
Is dominanat when anxious
75
When do we see Theta 4 Hx to 7 Hz on an EEG?
Relaxed, meditative and creative states.
76
What does fMRI stand for?
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
77
How does an fMRI work?
By detecting the changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity. When a brain area is more active it consumes more oxygen and to meet this increased demand blood flow increases to the active area.
78
What do differences in MR responses allow?
For an image to be built up of the blood oxygenation.
79
What does BOLD stand for?
Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent
80
What are we able to do by subtracting data from two MR conditions?
Map brain activity, that occurs due to the function we're studying, using the BOLD signal.
81
Name the pros and cons of fMRI.
Pros: Spatial resolution is very good & temporal resolution is okay. Cons: Comfort of participants and lack of convenience - loud sound and confined space
82
What does magnetoencephalography do?
Measures magnetic fields circulating electrical activity on the surface of the scalp.
83
Name the pros and cons of magnetoencephalography.
Pros: Good temporal resolution, and better spatial resolution than EEG Cons: Prone to distortion and expensive
84
What does TMS stand for?
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
85
What is TMS used for at low intensities?
To stimulate specific brain regions.
86
What does TMS cause at high intensities?
A temporary disruption to a localised brain region
87
Name the pros and cons of TMS.
Pros: Increases confidence in causal relationships & is safe is administered correctly Cons: Sometimes uncomfortable and intrusive
88
How does TMS work?
A coil is placed over a particular part of the head and a magnetic pulse/s is delivered to that region of the brain

EDUCM5405 - Brain, Mind & Education (4 decks)

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