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EDUCM5405 - Brain, Mind & Education > Brain Development > Flashcards

Brain Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three stages of the pre-natal period?

A

Conceptual
Embryonic
Foetal

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2
Q

What occurs in the conceptual period?

A

Union of reproductive cells
Nuclei merge - result in 23 chromosomes

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3
Q

What occurs in the embryonic period?

A

Major organs begin to form
Heart begins to beat, blood is circulated
Cell division and differentiation

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4
Q

What occurs in the foetal period?

A

Origins of motor, sensory and learning behaviour
Continued development and differentiation of structures

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5
Q

What are the 8 stages of neural development?

A

Natalie puke maggots and Dan sings something French

Neuralation
Proliferation
Migration
Aggregation
Differentiation
Synaptogenesis
Selective cell death
Functional validation

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6
Q

What are the steps of embryonic formation?

A

Cells multiply & differentiate
Inner cells cluster to leave a cavity
The outer walls implant into the uterine wall
Two types of tissue form from inner and outer cells

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7
Q

What are the three layers of the trilaminar disc?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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8
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

Inner layer - Internal organs (digestive, respiratory, etc)

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9
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

Middle layer - skeletal and muscular structures

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10
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

Outer layer - skin surface, nervous system

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11
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Marks bilateral symmetry in embryos

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12
Q

Where does the neural plate form?

A

On the ectoderm layer, opposite the primitive streak

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13
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Plays a core role in vertebrate development
Releases proteins that drive neuralation

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14
Q

What occurs during neuralation?

A

Edges of the neural plate curve and close from head to tail - becoming the complete central nervous system

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15
Q

What severe disorders occur due to failures during neuralation?

A

Spina Bifida
Anencephaly

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16
Q

How does Spina Bifida occur?

A

Failure of the closure of the spinal cord to close at the caudal end

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17
Q

How does Anencephaly occur?

A

Failure of the neural tube to close at the cranial end.
Foetus develops with a major portion of the brain, skull and scalp missing

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18
Q

What do the three swellings of the neural tube form?

A

Basis of human brain structure
Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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19
Q

What five brain regions develop from the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Spinal cord

20
Q

What occurs during proliferation?

A

New cells are produced by dividing or proliferating
Stem cells, glial cells and neurons

21
Q

What occurs during migration?

A

The movement of cells from the wall of the neural
tube to their end goal
Cells move in different directions according to their
specific cellular ‘destiny’

22
Q

What occurs during aggregation?

A

Once they have reached their final destination, new cells line up with other neurons to make up the new brain

23
Q

What occurs during differentiation?

A

Neurons do not take their final form until they have reached their final destination.
Once cells settle, they network.

24
Q

What does cell-autonomous differentiation mean?

A

Cell growth and development that is pre-defined by a genetic programme

Ex: Purkinje cells

25
Q

What occurs during synaptogenesis?

A

The development of synapses
Communication with each other and with organs
Continues throughout a person’s lifespan

26
Q

What occurs during selective cell death?

A

Neural pruning
Survival of the fittest: neurons that have made
successful connections will survive
Occurs at different times in different areas of the
brain

27
Q

What occurs during functional validation?

A

The process of growth (plasticity) and pruning across a lifespan
Nerve cells & axons continue to adapt their structure and function dependent upon environment input

28
Q

What structural changes occur in between the ages of 0 and 6?

A

Dramatic period of synaptogenesis
Overproduction of synapses leads to competition between neurons
Neural pruning
Strengthening & elimination of neurons is dependent upon environmental demands and experience

29
Q

What structural changes occur after the age of 7?

A

Development is far from complete
Notable surge in synapse growth just before puberty
Prominent period of pruning & plasticity during adolescence
Thought to contribute to refinement of brain connectivity

30
Q

What are the specific changes in brain structure during adolescent brain development?

A

Prefrontal cortex – ‘higher order cognition’
Amygdala - emotions
Hypothalamus - hormones
Corpus callosum – connection between
hemispheres

31
Q

What are the global changes in during adolescent brain development?

A

Increase in myelination – processing speed
Increase in pruning – fine tuning

32
Q

What changes occur to grey matter during adolescent brain development?

A

Grey matter = cell bodies, dendrites & axon terminals
Inverted U-shaped curve across childhood & adolescence
Decrease in grey matter in adolescence represents the
process of fine-tuning

33
Q

What does regional maturation correlate with?

A

Prefrontal cortex - intelligence and impulse control
Left hemisphere - language processing

34
Q

What changes occur to white matter during adolescent brain development?

A

White matter = myelinated axons
Largely linear increase across development
Substantial maturation during adolescence especially those involved in emotional, social and cognitive control

35
Q

What is connectivity?

A

The neural circuitry of the brain

36
Q

What changes occur to connectivity during adolescent brain development?

A

Networks consist of brain regions that activate
and work together through their
interconnections
The formation & development of these
networks leads to more sophisticated
processing in maturity
Leads to more efficient and controlled
information processing

37
Q

What are the two major changes in connectivity during adolescent brain development?

A

Cortical connections change from being large
and non-specific, to being more smaller and
more specialised
Dramatic increases in long-range connections

38
Q

How does adolescent brain development impact emotional processing?

A

Amygdala volume increases over adolescence and young adulthood

39
Q

Why does social exclusion cause issues in adolescence?

A

Adolescents show decreased activity in regions associated with regulation of rejection-related distress
compared to adults
When experiencing distress, adolescents aren’t able to recruit frontal regions needed to effectively
control feelings of rejection

40
Q

How does adolescent brain development impact social processing?

A

Development of Theory of Mind/Mentalising

41
Q

What is Theory of Mind/mentalising?

A

The ability to attribute mental states
(thoughts, intentions, desires, feelings, beliefs)
to others on the basis of their
social/emotional cues

42
Q

How does adolescent brain development impact ris-taking behaviours?

A

Hormonal changes prompt changes in brain
regions associated with learning, memory &
experience of emotion
Prefrontal cortex is continuing its fine-tuning
in a largely linear pattern

43
Q

How does puberty impact risk-taking behaviours?

A

Hormonal changes prompt changes in the amygdala and hippocampus associated with learning, memory &
experience of emotion.
Leads to increased sensitivity to emotion and reward = increase in sensation seeking behaviours

44
Q

How does executive function impact risk-taking behaviours?

A

Prefrontal cortex is continuing its fine-tuning
in a largely linear pattern
Cognitive control & executive function
increasing with age over the adolescent
period (into early adulthood: up to 25)

45
Q

What are the implications for understanding prevention and intervention in the adolescent brain?

A

Education
Law
Parenting
Advertising
Technology

46
Q

How does development happen?

A

Development = genes * environment
it’s nature and nurture interacting

47
Q

How are learning and development related?

A

Learning is supported by development and contributes to development

EDUCM5405 - Brain, Mind & Education (4 decks)

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