Neurons, Glia & CNS Histology Flashcards by Sade Kehinde

Neural cell differentiation involves the actions of _______and _________ factors that up-regulate the expression of ________ genes

Growth

Transcription

Pro-neural

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If one progenitor cell responds to pro-neural growth factor it will begin to differentiate as a ________

Simultaneously it will begin producing ___________ that inhibit ________ gene expression in ________ cells

This is known as :

Neuron

Proteins

Pro-neural

Adjacent

LATERAL INHIBITION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Microglia originates from _______

Bone Marrow precursor cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Contains cellular organelles

Cell Body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cell Body

Multiple _____________- high _______ production

Abundant ____________ and ___________ for proteins synthesis

_________ granulations- the rough endoplasmic reticulum can be stained with _________ dyes

Mitochondria - energy

Rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

Nissl -basophilic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Axon :

Arises from a __________
Initial __________
Devoid of ___________
Multiple __________,___________,__________
Do not branch _____________
Terminal arbor with terminal _________- terminal branching on the target

Hillock
Segment
Ribosomes
Mitochondria,microtubules,neurofilaments
Proximally 
Boutons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

-usually multiple
Can branch
Neurofilaments and microtubules

MAY contains mitochondria

Dendrites

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of neurons

Multiple dendrites, one axon

Example : Motor neurons

Multipolar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of neurons

One axon with common stem and then sending two branches

Example :Sensory Neurons

Pseudounipolar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of neurons

One dendrites and one axon

Example: Specialized senses

Bipolar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neurons that are somatic and visceral?

Motor and Sensory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neuron that is connective

Integrative

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neuron that is mostly in hypothalamus, release peptide hormones into blood- systemic or portal circulation

Example: In Posterior and Anterior Pituitary

Neuroendocrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neurons that communicate. By By Neurotransmitter

Dopaminergic, glutamatergic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary sensory neurons:

Usually ________ or___________ composed of a axon that ends _____________ with the specific receptors and __________ through which they connect with other neurons

Pseudounipolar or bipolar

Peripherallly

Axon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mechanoreceptors of primary sensory neurons

Audio-
Vibration-
Proprioreceptors-
Tactile-
Thermoreceptors-
Nociceptors-

Audio-   Hair cell
Vibration-Paccini
Proprioreceptors- muscles spindle, golgi tendon organ
Tactile- Meissner corpusculi
Thermoreceptors- free nerve endings
Nociceptors- free nerve endings

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary Sensory Neurons chemoreceptors:

Taste and olfactory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary Sensory Neurons photoreceptors :

Rods and cones in the retina

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The process of converting sensory input into a form interpretable by the nervous system is _____________

Transduction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Motor neuronal axons often end in fine branches known as ________

Terminal arbors

In most neurons each axon terminal is capped with small ______ which form ________ between nerve cells

The site at which an axon terminal communicates with a second neuron or a ________ tissue is called a _________ ex :

Terminal boutons- synapses

Effector- synapse

Skeletal muscle fiber

Zones of Neurons where synapses can occur :

Excitatory or inhibitory

Axodendritic

Axosomatic

Axoaxonic

Zones of Neurons where synapses can occur :

Excitatory

Axospinous

Zones of Neurons where synapses can occur :

: excitatory or inhibitory, acting to increase or
decrease neurotransmitter release by post-synaptic
terminal, i.e. amplifying or suppressing the level of
stimulation already occurring inside postsynaptic
terminal.

Axoaxonic

Intraneuronal Transport: There are five steps in Transmission

``` Synthesis Storage Transport Release Reuptake/destruction ```

site of the most transcription and translation

soma

substance produced from the soma are transported to the ________,________, and ____________

dendrites axon axon terminals

Neurontransmitters and other substances are transported along _______ of the axons in both directions

microtubules

________transport (away from the cell | body; - end to + end) through kinesins.

Anterograde

``` ________ transport (toward the cell body) via dyneins. ```

Retrograde

Anterograde transport carries substances produced by the | ______ to the _______ synapse.

neuron neuronal

Kinesins use________ -ases) to “crawl” along the ___________

ATP (ATP microtubules.

Anterograde axonal transport- Fast transport: - carries 4 things:

synaptic vesicles, membrane proteins, neurotransmitters, mitochondria, at speeds of 50 -400 mm/day.

Anterograde axonal transport -Slow transport - carries 4 things :

cytosolic proteins (enzymes), cytoskeletal proteins (parts of microtubules, neurofilaments) from the cell body to axon terminals and dendrites at ~ 0.4mm/day

slow anterograde is also known as

stop and go model

Retrograde axonal transport allows the neuron to respond to _______, that are taken up near the axon terminal by either ________or _________

growth factors pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis.

In addition, this form of transport functions in the continual recycling of components of the axon terminal, endosomes, damaged mitochondria? - Viruses and toxins.

Retrograde Transport

______– group of cell bodies WITHIN THE CNS. ______ – group of neurons that form a horizontal layer. Ex. Layers of the cerebral cortex _______- vertical group of neurons. Spinal cord

Nucleus (nuclei) Ø Layer, lamina (thin layer), stratum (thick layer) Ø Column

fasciculus (fasciculi, lat. for ______), lemniscus (lat. _______) Funiculus (lat. for cable)___________ –

bundle ribbon group of parallel tracts

ganglion is located withing the

pns

Neuroglia Cell types include:________– immune and inflammatory functions (neural macrophages)

Microglia

Neuroglia Cell types include: | ______– support neurons, isolate CNS from other tissues, scar formation

Astrocytes

Neuroglia Cell types include: ________ – provide myelin sheaths to neurons (axons) within the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

Neuroglia Cell types include:_________ - neuroepithelium

Ependimal cells

_______ astrocytes – in the gray matter _______astrocytes – in the white matter

Protoplasmic Fibrous

Astrocytes ``` Maintain a constant ___, lower extracellular___ Secrete growth factors and _______ (participate in inflammatory processes). Remove ______from synapses (prevent neurotoxicity) Help neuronal metabolism – store some ______ ```

pH K+ cytokines – IL-1 glutamate glycogen

- the surface of the brain and spinal cord, adjacent to the pia mater is covered with several layers of joined______ end-feet called the________

astrocytes glia limitans.

every capillary in the CNS is jacketed by a layer of end-feet that separates it from the neural tissue forming the ______________

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB