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Neuro Anatomy > Neurons, Glia & CNS Histology > Flashcards

Neurons, Glia & CNS Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Neural cell differentiation involves the actions of _______and _________ factors that up-regulate the expression of ________ genes

A

Growth

Transcription

Pro-neural

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2
Q

If one progenitor cell responds to pro-neural growth factor it will begin to differentiate as a ________

Simultaneously it will begin producing ___________ that inhibit ________ gene expression in ________ cells

This is known as :

A

Neuron

Proteins

Pro-neural

Adjacent

LATERAL INHIBITION

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3
Q

Microglia originates from _______

A

Bone Marrow precursor cells

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4
Q

Contains cellular organelles

A

Cell Body

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5
Q

Cell Body

Multiple _____________- high _______ production

Abundant ____________ and ___________ for proteins synthesis

_________ granulations- the rough endoplasmic reticulum can be stained with _________ dyes

A

Mitochondria - energy

Rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

Nissl -basophilic

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6
Q

Axon :

Arises from a __________
Initial __________
Devoid of ___________
Multiple __________,___________,__________
Do not branch _____________
Terminal arbor with terminal _________- terminal branching on the target

A 
Hillock
Segment
Ribosomes
Mitochondria,microtubules,neurofilaments
Proximally 
Boutons
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7
Q

-usually multiple
Can branch
Neurofilaments and microtubules

MAY contains mitochondria

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Types of neurons

Multiple dendrites, one axon

Example : Motor neurons

A

Multipolar

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9
Q

Types of neurons

One axon with common stem and then sending two branches

Example :Sensory Neurons

A

Pseudounipolar

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10
Q

Types of neurons

One dendrites and one axon

Example: Specialized senses

A

Bipolar

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11
Q

Neurons that are somatic and visceral?

A

Motor and Sensory

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12
Q

Neuron that is connective

A

Integrative

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13
Q

Neuron that is mostly in hypothalamus, release peptide hormones into blood- systemic or portal circulation

Example: In Posterior and Anterior Pituitary

A

Neuroendocrine

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14
Q

Neurons that communicate. By By Neurotransmitter

A

Dopaminergic, glutamatergic

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15
Q

Primary sensory neurons:

Usually ________ or___________ composed of a axon that ends _____________ with the specific receptors and __________ through which they connect with other neurons

A

Pseudounipolar or bipolar

Peripherallly

Axon

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16
Q

Mechanoreceptors of primary sensory neurons

Audio-
Vibration-
Proprioreceptors-
Tactile-
Thermoreceptors-
Nociceptors-
A 
Audio-   Hair cell
Vibration-Paccini
Proprioreceptors- muscles spindle, golgi tendon organ
Tactile- Meissner corpusculi
Thermoreceptors- free nerve endings
Nociceptors- free nerve endings
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17
Q

Primary Sensory Neurons chemoreceptors:

A

Taste and olfactory

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18
Q

Primary Sensory Neurons photoreceptors :

A

Rods and cones in the retina

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19
Q

The process of converting sensory input into a form interpretable by the nervous system is _____________

A

Transduction

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20
Q

Motor neuronal axons often end in fine branches known as ________

A

Terminal arbors

21
Q

In most neurons each axon terminal is capped with small ______ which form ________ between nerve cells

The site at which an axon terminal communicates with a second neuron or a ________ tissue is called a _________ ex :

A

Terminal boutons- synapses

Effector- synapse

Skeletal muscle fiber

22
Q

Zones of Neurons where synapses can occur :

Excitatory or inhibitory

A

Axodendritic

Axosomatic

Axoaxonic

23
Q

Zones of Neurons where synapses can occur :

Excitatory

A

Axospinous

24
Q

Zones of Neurons where synapses can occur :

: excitatory or inhibitory, acting to increase or
decrease neurotransmitter release by post-synaptic
terminal, i.e. amplifying or suppressing the level of
stimulation already occurring inside postsynaptic
terminal.

A

Axoaxonic

25
Q

Intraneuronal Transport:

There are five steps in Transmission

A 
Synthesis
Storage 
Transport
Release
Reuptake/destruction
26
Q

site of the most transcription and translation

A

soma

27
Q

substance produced from the soma are transported to the ________,________, and ____________

A

dendrites
axon
axon terminals

28
Q

Neurontransmitters and other substances are transported along _______ of the axons in both directions

A

microtubules

29
Q

________transport (away from the cell

body; - end to + end) through kinesins.

A

Anterograde

30
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transport (toward the cell
body) via dyneins.
A

Retrograde

31
Q

Anterograde transport carries substances produced by the

______ to the _______ synapse.

A

neuron

neuronal

32
Q

Kinesins use________
-ases) to “crawl” along the
___________

A

ATP (ATP

microtubules.

33
Q

Anterograde axonal transport- Fast transport:

  • carries 4 things:
A

synaptic vesicles, membrane proteins,
neurotransmitters, mitochondria, at speeds of 50
-400 mm/day.

34
Q

Anterograde axonal transport -Slow transport

  • carries 4 things :
A

cytosolic proteins (enzymes),
cytoskeletal proteins (parts of microtubules, neurofilaments)
from the cell body to axon terminals and dendrites at ~
0.4mm/day

35
Q

slow anterograde is also known as

A

stop and go model

36
Q

Retrograde axonal transport allows the neuron
to respond to _______, that are taken up
near the axon terminal by either ________or _________

A

growth factors

pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis.

37
Q

In addition, this form of transport functions in the
continual recycling of components of the axon
terminal, endosomes, damaged mitochondria?

  • Viruses and toxins.
A

Retrograde Transport

38
Q

______– group of cell bodies
WITHIN THE CNS.

______ – group of neurons that form a
horizontal layer. Ex. Layers of the cerebral
cortex

_______- vertical group of neurons. Spinal
cord

A

Nucleus (nuclei)

Ø Layer, lamina (thin layer), stratum (thick
layer)

Ø Column

39
Q

fasciculus (fasciculi, lat. for ______), lemniscus (lat.
_______)

Funiculus (lat. for cable)___________ –

A

bundle

ribbon

group of parallel tracts

40
Q

ganglion is located withing the

A

pns

41
Q

Neuroglia Cell types include:________– immune and inflammatory functions (neural macrophages)

A

Microglia

42
Q

Neuroglia Cell types include:

______– support neurons, isolate CNS from other tissues, scar formation

A

Astrocytes

43
Q

Neuroglia Cell types include:

________ – provide myelin sheaths to neurons (axons) within the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

44
Q

Neuroglia Cell types include:_________ - neuroepithelium

A

Ependimal cells

45
Q

_______ astrocytes – in the gray matter

_______astrocytes – in the white matter

A

Protoplasmic

Fibrous

46
Q

Astrocytes

 Maintain a constant 
\_\_\_, 
lower extracellular\_\_\_
 Secrete growth factors and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
(participate in inflammatory processes).
 Remove \_\_\_\_\_\_from synapses (prevent
neurotoxicity)
 Help neuronal metabolism – store some \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

pH

K+

cytokines – IL-1

glutamate

glycogen

47
Q
  • the surface of the brain
    and spinal cord, adjacent to the pia mater is
    covered with several layers of joined______ end-feet
    called the________
A

astrocytes

glia limitans.

48
Q

every capillary in the CNS is jacketed by
a layer of end-feet that separates it from the neural
tissue forming the ______________

A

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB

Neuro Anatomy (5 decks)

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