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Structure and Function: Block 1 > Neurons and Neuroglia > Flashcards

Neurons and Neuroglia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of a neuron?

A

Transmit electrical signals

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2
Q

What is the role of neuroglia?

A

Support cells

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3
Q

What is the compo. of gray matter?

A

Cell bodies

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4
Q

What is the compo. of white matter?

A

Fiber tracts/axons

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5
Q

What are clusters of nuclei in CNS?

A

Nuclei

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6
Q

What are clusters of nuclei in PNS?

A

ganglion

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7
Q

What are the bundles of axons in CNS?

A

Fasicles

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8
Q

What are the bundles of axons in PNS?

A

Nerves

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9
Q

What is the stain for gray matter?

A

Nissl (crystyl violet)

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10
Q

What is the stain for white matter?

A

Hematoxylin-based like Weil

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11
Q

Can neurons divide/regenerate after prenatal development?***

A

NO

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12
Q

What is the function of a dendrite?

A

Receive signals from cells

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13
Q

What is the function of a cell body/soma?

A

1) Metabolic support for the cell (MTCH)

2) Protein synthesis (A LOT of RER)

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14
Q

What is the function of axons?

A

Carry action potentials long distances to other cells.

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15
Q

Where is the usual point for initiation of electrical impulses?

A

Axon hillcock

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16
Q

In the dendrite of a neuron, where is the site that other cells synapse?

A

Dendritic spine

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17
Q

What are the side branches of axons?

A

Collaterals

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18
Q

What do axons terminate in?

A

Synaptic bouton

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19
Q

What do axons contain for neurotransmitter transport?

A

Microtubules

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20
Q

What transports molecules from boutons to soma in a neuron, and what is this process called?

A

Dynein; retrograde

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21
Q

What transports molecules from soma to synaptic nerve-endings and what is this process called?

A

Kinesin; Anterograde

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22
Q

What is convergence?

A

A single neuron can receive input from many sources

23
Q

What is divergence?

A

The axon of a neuron can branch to affect cells in different locations.

24
Q

What kind of neurons converge?

A

Motor

25
Q

What kind of neurons diverge?

A

Sensory

26
Q

Are there more sensory neurons or motor neurons?

A

Sensory

27
Q

Where would you find interneurons?

A

CNS

28
Q

What species has unipolar neurons?

A

Invertebrates

29
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

Have only an axon. Smallest nerve cell

30
Q

What is a bipolar cell?

A

1) Oval-shaped soma
2) A dendrite
3) Axon

31
Q

What cells are mostly bipolar?

A

Sensory cells (optical field)

32
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

1) Single axon

2) Many dendrites

33
Q

What cells predominate in the nervous system of vertebrates?

A

Multipolar

34
Q

What organelle does the cell body/soma of a neuron have A LOT of?

A

RER for protein synthesis

35
Q

What cells dominate in # in the brain?

A

Neuroglia

36
Q

What is the key role of glia?

A

Maintains homeostasis and a healthy environment for the cell.

37
Q

What are the 4 main types of glia?

A

1) Astrocytes
2) Ependymal cells
3) Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells
4) Microglia

38
Q

What glia 1) line the fluid-filled ventricular spaces of the brain, 2) secrete CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

39
Q

Which glia are 1) the most abundant 2) Pick up excess K+ 3) involved in glia-neuronal migration development 4) form tight junctions in BBB?

A

Astrocytes

40
Q

What cells secrete myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

41
Q

Which cells secrete myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

42
Q

How many axons do Schwann cells myelinate at a time?***

A

ONE

43
Q

How many axons do oligodendrocytes myelinate at a time?***

A

MANY

44
Q

How does myelination affect nerve transduction?

A

Speeds it up!

45
Q

Do nodes of Ranvier have myelin?

A

NO

46
Q

What happens when large areas of axon lose myelin like in PD/multiple schlerosis?

A

Propagation is slowed or stopped entirely due to the lack of V-gated channels in the bared internodal areas.

47
Q

Where do microglia reside at?

A

Gray matter (think greying hair)

48
Q

What do microglia derive from?

A

Monocytes

49
Q

What do resting/happy microglia look like?

A

Small body with long processes

50
Q

What do active/angry microglia look like?

A

Fat body with short stubby processes

51
Q

What do microglia release when they are activated?

A

Cytokines

52
Q

What population has elevated cytokine levels?

A

Aged people

53
Q

Can microglia become deadly when there is prolonged activation like in AD and PD?

A

Yes. Not good.

54
Q

What food should you eat to reduce inflammation and decrease microglia activity?

A

Blueberries.

Structure and Function: Block 1 (6 decks)

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