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Neural Circuits > Neurons And Glia > Flashcards

Neurons And Glia Flashcards

1
Q

Granular vs agranular cortex

A

Graunlar- primary sensory areas (IV)

A granular- v1, frontal cortex, EC (no IV)

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2
Q

Pathway from whiskers to barrel cortex in mouse

A

Whiskers
Trigeminal nerve
Brainstem
Spinal/principal trig nerve
Thalamus
Posterior medial/ ventral posterior
Barrel cortex

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3
Q

Layers of cortex

A

1- inhibitory neurons (from thalamus)
2- pyramidal cells
3- pyramidal cells- exciaitory project to other areas
4- Stellate cells
5- excitatory project to other subcortical area. Synapse with later 1
6- project to thalamus and other areas

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4
Q

Trisynaptic pathway

A

Ec-dg- hippocampus - ca3 - ca1- hippocampus

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5
Q

Characteristics of excitatory neurons

A

Glu
Pyramidal cells in layers 3+5 of cortex
Some found in layers 2/6 pyramidal or stellate cells
Project to other cortical columns and subcortical nuclei

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6
Q

Characteristics of inhibitory neurons

A

Gaba
All cortical areas
Usually local circuit but some long-range gabergic projections

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7
Q

Origins of inhibitory interneurons

A

Medial ganglionic eminence
Caudal ganglionic eminence

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8
Q

What are the post synaptic targets of interneurons

A

Perisomas- synapse with soma or axon of pyramidal cells
Dendrites- synapse with basal or distal dendrites of pyramidal
Interneurons- inhibit other interneurons

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9
Q

Function of perisomes

A

Control whether pyramidal cell fires

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10
Q

Dendrite function

A

Control which inputs are activated

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11
Q

Interneurons function

A

Mediate disinhibition of excitatory input neurons

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12
Q

Markers of interneurons subtype

A

Pv- basket, fast spiking perisomatic, axo-axonic, chandelier
Sst- olm, martinotti
Sht/vip- other interneurons

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13
Q

How are pyramidal cells heterogeneous

A

Don’t fockin know

Different morphologies (pyramidal)

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14
Q

What are pv cells

A

Fast spiking interneurons - generating Rythmic activity and inhibit pyramidal cells

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15
Q

Sst function

A

Selecting inputs to pyramidal and vip (vasoactive intestinal peptide) neurons

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16
Q

What are neuroglia cells

A

Not electrically excitable non-neuronal cells of nervous system that unify the reticular and neuronal theories of brain organisation (supporting cells or nervous system)

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17
Q

What glia are part of cns

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

What glia are pns

A

Schwann
Satellite
Enteric glial cells

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19
Q

What are ng2 cells

A

Cns projector cells of oligods

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20
Q

Functions of astrocytes

A

Aids In formation of blood brain barrier
Cns tissue fluid composition regulation and metabolic support of neurons
Structural support and organisation of cns
Repair processes replace damaged neurons
Assist with neuronal development

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21
Q

Function of oligods

A

Myelinate cns Axons
Target of autoimmune attack
Has specific myelin proteins (plp, dm20,mbp)

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22
Q

Function of microglia

A

Synaptic modification
Phagocytose weak synapses after injury or during development
Immune cell of brain
Mediate synaptic pruning

23
Q

How do microglia contribute to synaptic plasticity

A

Release insulin-like growth factor 1 and BDNF.

24
Q

How do microglia function in immunity

A

After tissue damage DAMPS are released which are neurotoxins
Also release inflammatory products e.g TGFb IKL6 IKL10

25
Q

What are radial glia

A

Made before neurogenesis and guide neuronal migration. They become astricytes or dissapear after migration

26
Q

Order of neuron/glia development

A

Neural stem cells- radial glia- neurogenesis (neurons)1 glial progenitor cells- astricytes and oligods

27
Q

What are nIPCS

A

Differentiate into radial glia to contribute to neurogenesis. They take on characteristics of astrocytes e.g expression of glu transporters. Glycogen granules and intermediate fillanents

28
Q

Origins of glial cells

A

Astrocytes and oligods and ependymal - ectoderm

Microglia - mesoderm (from yolk sac development)

29
Q

Main functions of glia

A

Surround neurons to hold them in place
Supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
Insulate one neuron from another
Destroy or remove carcasses of dead neurons

30
Q

How to glia effect synapses

A

Without glia there would be no synapses
Modulate LTP using d-serine

31
Q

Functions of Astrocyte secretory factors

A

Tsp- silent synapses
Hevin (and sparc)- both are needed to make a synapse
Tgfbeta1 and d-serine- promotes excitatory synapses and some inhibitory

32
Q

Astrocyte communication

A

Communicate via Ca waves
When cell stimulated longer there is more ca released into field
Astrocytes are able to propitiate cellular signals as waves of intracellular ca changes- speak from one Astrocyte to another
Ca waves influence activity of adjacent neurons and modulate synaptic transmission
After Astrocyte ca wave passes a neuron it responds with its own rise in ca

33
Q

Role of d-serine

A

Co agonist for NMDAR
Release from astrocytes and binds to synaptic NMDAR containing glun1/2a subunit when prestnaptic neuron releases glu

34
Q

What are tanycytes

A

Specialised , non ciliated emendymal cells (type of astroglia)

During perinatal period some radial glia can become tanycytes

Act as a selective barrier and Carrier

Involved in reproduction and metabolism

35
Q

Location of tanycytes

A

Cvo of brain and Vasolateral walls of 3rd ventricle
And median eminence (cvo)

36
Q

What is the median eminence

A

Circumventeucular organ controlling excess of blood borne molecules - forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle in hypothalamus
Allows for communication between neural tissue, periphery, blood and csf

37
Q

What’s important about the fenestrated endothelium of the ME

A

Molecules like hormones and nutrients can enter the brain freely through it

38
Q

Purpose of blood brain barrier

A

Protects brain from external agents in blood

39
Q

How are tanycytes carriers?

A

They carry/ transport leptin into the csf because tanycytes in the ME have tight junctions which would stop them from passing freely

40
Q

What is leptin

A

Hormone that acts within hypothalamus to suppress food intake and decrease body adiposity

It also alters/ improves cog functions by acting with other brain areas

41
Q

Where can hormones be transported without tanycytes

A

Me-csf barrier made of b-tanycytes on the lateral side do not have tight junctions so hormones can pass freely. Also through fenestrations to teach ME

42
Q

How is diffusion efficient in the ME

A

Csf moves due to ciliated ependyma that beat rythmicalky. Tanycytes don’t have cilia so move slowly which creates a gradient between csf and third ventricle

43
Q

What are metabolites

A

Micro molecules for cellular functions like energy stimulation

44
Q

How do tanycytes sense glucose

A

Tanycytes have glu 1 and 2 receptors and all machenry to perform glycolysis to sense variation of glucose in csf

45
Q

What happens when tanycytes detect glucose

A

Increase in intra ca and ATP and lactate
This activates nearby neurons to regulate feeding behaviour

46
Q

Why is it important that tanycytes respond to lactate

A

Breakdown of glucose into lactate . Some neurons involved in feeing behaviour can’t process glucose directly so rely on tanycytes to change info into ATP or lactate

47
Q

Hpg axis

A

Gnrh neurons in hypothalamus-
Medial eminence (release gnrh)-
Stim gonadotropin In a.pituitary-
Lh and fsh release-
Follicular maturation in ovary-
Secrete estridiol

48
Q

Sema7a function

A

Secreted by tanycytes and regulates morphological plasticity of the ME of adult females

Blocks gnrh neuron to pericapillary space by allowing tabycytes to grow end feet

49
Q

Proestrous stage and sema7

A

The end feet retract so gnrh terminals can reach pericapillary space .
Estrogen during proestrous stage promotes sema7 release from fenestrated epithelium of ME

50
Q

Sema7 during diestrus stage

A

High oestrogen levels cause Sema7 acts directly on gnrh terminals to induce retraction of end feet from pc space and promote growth of gnrh neuroendocrine axons towards pc space

At this stage low oestrogen promotes sema7 by tanycytes which causes growth of end feet

51
Q

Hpt axis

A

Trh found in paraventrucular nucleus of hypothalamus -
Project to ME-
Release trh
Thyroid cells in a.pituitary cause Tsh secretion-
Thyroid produce T4
Negative feedback

52
Q

Role of dio2

A

Make inactive T4 into active T3
Most expression in astrocytes and tabycytes

53
Q

How is tanycyte end feet modulated in ME

A

Tanycytes are activated by TRH via gaq pathway

Neural Circuits (5 decks)

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