Memory And Cognition Flashcards
What are the types of non declarative memory
Procedural- skill learning
Associative- stimulus e.g classical conditioning
Non associative- habitual or sensitisation
What is hebbs law
???
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for past events before trauma
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of ability to form new memories after trauma
Symptoms of patient HM
Coudldnt form new declarative memory
Lost memories for events few years before operation
Could remember childhood memories and learn procedural tasks
Shows medial temporal lobes are important in new declarative memory formation
How does Alzheimer’s cause dementia
Build up of aggregates of tau protein and others that causes neurons to die in medial temporal lobes
What structures are part of medial temporal (declarative memory)
Hippocampus -item in contex
Ec- linked to all
perirhinal cortex-what is item
Parahippocampal cortex-where is item in environment
Role of diencephalon and contents
Processing declarative memory
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Anterior nuclei
Dorsal medial nuclei
Mammillary bodies
Routes from medial temporal
- Fornix-hypothalamus-anterior nucleus-cingulate cortex
2.dorsomedial nucleus-frontal cortex
What did patient NA show us
Evidence of diencephalon role in episodic memory
Lesion caused anterograde and retrograde (2yrs) amnesia
Role of hippocampus in spatial memory
Location and relationship between positions and location
How do parts of the diencephalon contribute to memory
Hippocampus and thalamus important for encoding or forming memories
Association cortcies are responsible for long term consolidation of episodic and semantic info
Theory that through regorganisation of hippocampus and thalamus connections between regions are strengthened until memory can be accessed independently of hippocampus
How is memory consolidated
Replay of experience dependant neuronal activity support memory consolidation
Replaying during rest or sleep
Where is important for non declarative memory
Striatum
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Motor planning and generating movement
How does Parkinson’s effect memory
Caused by generation of dopaminergif inputs from substansia nigra into striatum
Impairs movement and procedural and association memories
What test can be used to asses memory (not spatial)
Win stay task
Must enter lit arms to get food reward
Properties of place cells
Stable over time - if you return to same location place cells will fire again in the same location
Remap with each new environment
Individual place cells fire in all sections of the environment
How do hippocampal ripples contribute to memory
They fire in a specific order during event and will replay after such as during sleep - short fast bursts
Fire at timescales that are appropriate for LTP
What is grid score
How hexagonal the firing map is
How similar rotating the map is to the original e.g high score will have correlation at 60 and 120 degrees
How is sense of scale made in EC
Dorsal grid cells close together and ventral are far apart
Where are boundary cells found
Mostly in pre abs primary subiculum and EX
Speed cells
Also called
Encode only for velocity in ec,basal forebrain, medial septum
Can cells have more than one firing pattern
Yes can be grid abs speed cell
Grid cells in visual cortex
Hexagonal grid pattern also found in other cortical areas like the visual cortex
Also impacted by speed
Also seen in conceptual space not just physical (duck)
Running speed and hippocampus cells
Hippocampus and Ec cells are mediated by running speed
many cells firing rate increase as running speed increases
