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Bio/Biochem > neurons, action potentials > Flashcards

neurons, action potentials Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

examples of summation

A

spatial (EPSPs from several neurons)

temporal (several EPSPs from one neuron)

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2
Q

when do voltage gated Na channels close?

A

after hyperpolarization returns it to -70

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3
Q

medulla

A

basic vital functions: breathing, heart rate, certain reflexes
Here also the resperiatory centers are found

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4
Q

pons

A

responsible for facial movement, balance. It has many peduncles connecting brainstem to cerebellum

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5
Q

cerebellum

A

over half of all brain neurons, responsible for balance, movement (but not the initiation of movement, that would be motor cortex)

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6
Q

midbrain

A

motor regulation. Substantia nigra is here

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7
Q

limbic system

A

implicated in memory (loop of papez)

Amygdala > hippocampus > fornix > entorhinal cortex (your GPS) > cingulate cortex

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8
Q

diencephalon

A

Contains thalamus and hypothalamus

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9
Q

telencephalon

A

frontal lobe - motor control and higher thinking
parietal lobe - sensory
temporal lobe - auditory and olfactory, a bit of short term memory, language comprehension, and emotion
occipital lobe - visual information
Broca’s area - produce speech
Wernicke’s area - comprehend speech

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10
Q

basal nuclei

A

deep gray matter, also referred to as basal ganglia. These are responsible for initiating movement and many basic motions like walking

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11
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay station for all senses except olfaction

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12
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls pituitary gland, involved in body homeostasis including temperature

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13
Q

white matter

A

bundles of myelinated axons

PNS neurons are often myelinated due to their length

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14
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites

There are deep brain nuclei (e.g. suprachiasmatic), the cortex, and in the PNS are ganglia of gray matter

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15
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary decisions, rational thought

also motor outputs

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16
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory

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17
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, smell, memories

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18
Q

occipital

A

vision

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19
Q

amygdala

A

fear, emotional recognition

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20
Q

somatic neurons use which NT?

A

ACh only; nicotinic only

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21
Q

autonomic neurons use which NT

A

ACh at the ganglia; epi and norepi at the ends

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22
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum stimulus required to trigger a receptor (e.g. nocicieptor), whereas the DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD is the minimum stimulus for us to notice the feeling

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23
Q

sensory adaptation

A

we ignore unchanging stimuli, but can be retriggered if stimulus changes

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24
Q

bottom up processing

A

sensory neurons > brain > identify information

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25
Q

top down processing

A

brainapplies prior knowledge and experience > forms holistic view of what’s happening

26
Q

iris

A

colored part that regulates pupil diameter

27
Q

lens

A

performs refraction

28
Q

cornea

A

part of outermost keratin tunic of eye, continuous with lens

29
Q

pupil

A

black opening in middle of eye

30
Q

ciliary muscles

A

regulate lens curvature and thus near vs far focus

31
Q

fovea centralis

A

area of greatest visual acuity. Actually has NO rods, only cones

32
Q

retina

A

nervous layer of eye, has rods and cones

33
Q

optic disc

A

your blind spot, where optic nerve and all blood vessels leave eye

34
Q

when no light

A

rod cells are actually constantly sending APs, Na channels open, constantly depolarizing, constantly OFF bipolar cells are activated; ON inhibited

35
Q

when there is light

A

Na channels are closed; no APs sent. This inhibits OFF bipolar yet stimulates ON bipolar

36
Q

rods

A

more abundant than cones

of cones, red most abundant

37
Q

Steps of action potential

A
  1. RMP is maintained by Na/K ATPase
  2. depolarization is caused by EPSP, after which voltage gated Na channels open, depolarize to 35mV
  3. Then, voltage gated Na shuts and voltage gated K channels open. Repolarize to -60mV (at which point they close)
  4. ATPase restores -70mV RMP
38
Q

Voltage gated Na or K channels quicker?

A

Na channels close quickly; K more slowly

39
Q

Glial cells

A

Schwann cells for PNS neurons
oligodendrocytes for CNS
astrocytes also in CNS - they guide neuron development and regulate NT levels
microglia - remove dead cells in CNS (immune function)
ependymal cells - produce CSF
**note, myelinated neurons require less energy from ATPase to repolarize

40
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

reflexes involving concurrent relaxation and flexion, such as the crossed extensor reflex

41
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Its cortex secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, some sex hormones

42
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

skin pressure sensor, type of mechanoceptor

auditory hair cells are also mechanoceptors

43
Q

chemoreceptors

A

e.g. olfactory, gustatory, carotid bodies detect CO2

44
Q

nociceptors

A

can be somatic or autonomic (the latter can cause referred pain)

45
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

rods and cones detect EM radiation; however other animals can detect electric/magnetic field

46
Q

muscle spindle

A

type of proprioceptor. Other examples are golgi tendon organs, joint capsule receptors

47
Q

auditory system

A

eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea, vibration in endo and perilymph stimulates HAIR CELLS, these rub against tectorial membrane, causing ion channels to open, APs sent along auditory nerve.

48
Q

high pitched sounds stimulate which part of cochlea?

A

the base, near oval window; whereas low sounds stimulate apex. Amplitude determines rate of AP firing, and in turn perception of volume

49
Q

balance regulated by which part of ear?

A

we have three semicircular canals that are filled with endolymph and can also detect acceleration through similar hair cells

50
Q

opsin

A

a protein, bound to 1 molecule of retinal that has one cis bond. When absorbing a photon, it is converted to the all-trans form. This eventually closes the Na channel and then there is a LACK of signals to the inhibitory bipolar neuron; an INCREASE of signals to the stimulatory one.
The NT for rods and cones is glutamate.

51
Q

emmetropia

A

normal vision;
hyperopia - farsight. Focal length is too long and converges past the fovea centralis.
myopia - nearsight. The focal length is too short
Presbyopia - farsightedness due to lack of lens flexibility

52
Q

feature detection theory

A

specific part of brain is activated when looking at different things

53
Q

parallel processing

A

many parts of visual stimulus processed simultaneously

54
Q

Gestalt theory

A

the whole is more than the sum of its parts; when we see a face, there is more than just seeing the shapes and colours.

55
Q

signal detection theory

A

predicts how and when someone will detect a stimulus

56
Q

hormone types

A

PEPTIDE
made in RER, stored in vesicles, cannot bypass cell membrane
STEROID
made in smooth ER, transported via protein in bloodstream, diffuses in and out of cells

57
Q

absolute vs relative refractory period

A

absolute - when the Na channels are still open, NO AP WHATSOEVER can be initiated
relative - when in the hyperpolarization stage, technically a new AP can start, but stimulus required is greater

58
Q

difference btw soma and axon hillock?

A

soma has lower density of voltage gated Na channels

59
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

dilates muscle blood vessels, however, it constricts blood flow to skin and digestive organs, enhanced FAR vision but not near

60
Q

mydriasis

A

this is sympathetic dilation of pupil. The neurotransmitter involved is NE. For pupil constriction, it is ACh.

Bio/Biochem (9 decks)

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