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Bio/Biochem > cell bio and organelles > Flashcards

cell bio and organelles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

which are the double membrane organelles?

A

mitochondria, nucleus

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2
Q

rough vs smooth ER

A

rough synthesizes/modifies secretory and membrane bound proteins; smooth performs detoxification and glycogen breakdown in the liver; steroid synthesis in the gonads
The ER is also joined to the nuclear membrane

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3
Q

lysosomes vs peroxisomes

A

lysosomes have hydrolases for digesting substances; peroxisomes metabolize lipids and toxins specifically with H2O2

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4
Q

nuclear matrix

A

kind of like a cytoskeleton for nucleus; DNA is attached to the matrix at certain sites so it has a role in gene regulation

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5
Q

what organelle made in nucleolus

A

ribosome. Nucleolus is the site where RNA pol I makes rRNA too. Translation within nucleus prevented bc ribosomes not fully assembled here

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6
Q

nuclear localization sequence

A

proteins with this sequence are imported into nucleus by specific transport mechanisms (too large for pores)

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7
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria were once independent prokaryotes

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8
Q

maternal inheritance

A

applies to mitochondria only

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9
Q

N-terminus signal

A

sequence on N terminus of proteins that is recognized by SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE which takes the peptide and ribosome to the RER. This sequence is cleaved, after which it leaves. This is the pathway for secretory proteins (ones which leave cell)
The sequence has hydrophobic AAs

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10
Q

transmembrane domains

A

sequences of hydrophobic AAs that anchor it in membrane. These exist in integral membrane proteins

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11
Q

targeting signals

A

sequence on protein that takes otherwise secretory proteins (those made in RER) to another organelle first

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12
Q

localization signals

A

sequence on protein that takes cytoplasmically made protein (not RER) to certain organelles

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13
Q

Golgi

A

proteins move from cis > medial > trans. Proteins come from ER to the cis portion

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14
Q

constitutive secretory pathway

A

proteins sent from RER > golgi > cell surface; whereas REGULATED SECRETORY PATHWAY is when secretory proteins are kept in vesicles and released upon signal

What proteins follow this pathway? Integral, organelle membrane-bound, and secreted

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15
Q

acid hydrolases

A

enzymes found in lysosome, only function at pH 5

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16
Q

catalase

A

enzyme that breaks down H2O2, found in peroxisome because H2O2 is byproduct of some reactions inside

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17
Q

colligative properties

A

set of properties depending only on number of solute particles. Identity of particle is not important. 4 examples: vapor-pressure depression, bp elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure

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18
Q

vapor pressure depression

A

when a liquid gets solute dissolved in it, vapor pressure lowers, bc ions increase IMF

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19
Q

bp elevation

A

presence of solute in a liquid raises bp. The equation

rise in bp = kim, where k is a constant for each solvent, i is the solute’s van’t Hoff factor, and m is molality

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20
Q

freezing point depression

A

presence of solute will lower its freezing point, because it interferes with lattice formation. Again, drop in fp = kim

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21
Q

osmotic pressure equation

A 
P = MiRT, 
M = molarity
i = van't hoff factor
R = ideal gas constant
T = temperature in K
22
Q

facilitated diffusion kinetics

A

reaches a plateau, when all transport proteins are saturated. However simple diffusion increases linearly with concentration

23
Q

Na/K ATPase

A

pumps out 3 Na and takes in 2 K. Thus, it establishes a negative RMP inside cell
** apparently, all active transporters are reversible, so it could theoretically run backward

24
Q

clathrins

A

proteins that coat pits in membrane, alongside the receptors important for receptor-mediated endocytosis (used in transport of cholesterol)

25
Q

GPCR pathway

A

ligand binds to GPCR
This causes the GDP in G protein to be swapped for GTP and so beta and gamma dissociate
The activated G protein activates AC
AC makes cAMP
cAMP binds to protein kinase to activate it
Meanwhile, intrinsic GTPase activity of alpha subunit makes beta and gamma subunits join back

26
Q

cytoskeleton composed of

A

microtubules < intermediate filaments < microfilaments of actin

27
Q

microtubule

A

composed of alpha tubulin and beta tubulin, which dimerize. one end of microtubule is connected to MTOC, near nucleus
Within MTOC is pair of centrioles.
Used for: flagella, centrioles, cilia, spindle fibers

28
Q

mitotic spindle

A

consists of centriole and the polar fibers (microtubules that connect to chromosomes)

29
Q

are centrioles essential for mitosis?

A

no

30
Q

flagellum

A

only human cell that has it is sperm. Both flagella and cilia have 9 + 2 structure
remember that prokaryote flagella are different

31
Q

dynein

A

contractile protein that permits microtubules to move past each other

32
Q

basal body

A

same structure as centriole (a ring of nine triplets of microtubules), that anchors cilia and flagella

33
Q

microfilaments

A

polymers of actin, involved in amoeboid movement. It is these that are responsible for cleavage furrow during anaphase, as well as cytokinesis

34
Q

intermediate filaments

A

btw microtubule and microfilament in thickness

Found in: cytoskeleton

35
Q

tight junctions

A

form seals btw adjacent cells, e.g. in intestinal epithelia

36
Q

desmosomes

A

anchored to cells by keratin plaque, glue cells together

37
Q

gap junctions

A

make two cells’ cytoplasm continuous

38
Q

phases of mitosis?

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

39
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condenses; nucleus dissolves

40
Q

metaphase

A

all chromosomes lined up in center, spindle fibers attached to kinetochores

41
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes pulled away. A cleavage furrow begins to form

42
Q

telophase

A

new nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes

43
Q

what phase karyotype taken in ?

A

metaphase

44
Q

oncogenes

A

genes that normally provide regulation of cell cycle (protooncogenes), but cause cancer when mutated

45
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

can either detect genetic damage and halt cell cycle until repair, or trigger apoptosis

46
Q

caspase

A

carries out apoptosis. Initiator caspases activate other caspases upon death signal; effector caspases cleave proteins to trigger apoptosis

47
Q

apoptosis sequence of events

A

cell shrinks away from its fellows, disassembly of cytoskeleton, nuclear envelope breakdown, DNA breakdown, different cell surface proteins emerge (to signal macrophages)

48
Q

where is cell cycle most tightly regulated

A

between G1 and S phases

49
Q

which amino acids most likely to be phosphorylated?

A

Ser, Thr, Tyr, and also His in plants

50
Q

Go phase of cell cycle

A

the resting quiescent stage, where cell is not growing or dividing. Exists outside of cell cycle

51
Q

protists

A

one of the eukarya kingdoms; have mitochondria and nucleus but no cell wall. Ameoba are one type

52
Q

3 layers of embryonic tissue?

A

ectoderm: nervous system, epidermis,
mesoderm: muscle, connective tissue, bones, heart
endoderm: organs

Bio/Biochem (9 decks)

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