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Biology > NEURONES > Flashcards

NEURONES Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

outline the basic nervous pathway

A

stimulus -receptor - sensory neurone - CNS(relay neurone) - Motor neurone - effector-response

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2
Q

function to receptor

A

recieve stimuli and send it to CNS via sensory neurone

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3
Q

what does cns consist of

A

brain + spinal chord

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4
Q

what are 2 types of effects

A

muscles, glands

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5
Q

what is function of dendron

A

send impulse to the cell body

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6
Q

function of cell body

A

holds organelles and releases neurotransmitters

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7
Q

how can we identify the type of neuron

A

looking at position of cell body

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8
Q

function of axon

A

sends impules away from cell body

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9
Q

what is the function of myelin sheath

A

insulation layer on neurone that helps speed up the rate of nervous transmission

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10
Q

what are branches on dendron called

A

dendrites

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11
Q

where is cell body on a sensory neuron

A

found in the middle of the neurone

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12
Q

what are the nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in neurone that aren’t covered by myelin sheath

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13
Q

where is the cell body on a motor neuron

A

At the start of neurone

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14
Q

do motor neurones have a dendron

A

No have dendrites (as cell body is at start of cell so only have axon)

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15
Q

what is the smalllest neurone and where is it found

A

relay neurone found in CNS

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16
Q

what makes the myelin sheath

A

schwann cells (stretched and wrapped up = myelin sheath)

17
Q

how can we tell apart the different neurones

A

relay neuron has no myelin sheath
sensory neuron cell body found in the middle of cell
motor neuron cell body found at start of cell

18
Q

function of sensory neurone

A

transmit nervous impulses from a sensory receptor cell to relay neuron,motor neuron or the brain

19
Q

function of relay neurone

A

transmit impulese between neurones

20
Q

function of motor neurone

A

transmit impulses from relay or sensory neurone to an effector

21
Q

myelinated vs unmyelinated neuron - rate and method of transmission

A

myelinated - faster transmission of electrical impulse as jumps from one node of ranvier to the other
unmyelinated - slower transmission as electrical impulse must pass continuously along neurone.

22
Q

what cells detect changes in the environment

A

sensory receptors

23
Q

what is meant by sensory receptors are ‘transducers

A

transducers convert a stimulus into a nerve impulse

24
Q

what are the 2 main features of sensory receptors

A
  • specific to single type of stimulus

- act as transducer(convert stimulus to neve impulse(generator potential)

25
Q

4 type of sensory receptors and what their stimulus

A

photoreceptor - light
thermoreceptor - heat
chemoreceptor - chemicals
mechanoreceptor - pressure and movement

26
Q

what type of receptor is a pacinian corpuscle

A

mechanoreceptor(detects changes in pressure or movement)

27
Q

how does structure of pacinian corpuscle allow it to change physical stimulus to generator potential

A
  • end of sensory neurone found within centre of corpuscle
  • stretch mediated sodium channel and when they change shape- the permeability of sodium ions also change.
    In normal state - sodium ion channels are too narrow
    When pressure is applied - change shape allowing more ions to diffuse into neurone
  • influx of sodium ions depolarises cell resulting in generator potential
  • generator turns into action potential and then passed along sensory neurone.
28
Q

How does body detect your finger has touched a pin

A
  • pressure exerted onto skin
  • pacinian corpuscle detects pressure change
  • change in pressure widens gated sodium channels allowing more ions to diffuse through
  • influx of ions causes membrane to depolarise
  • creating general potential that turns into action potential (once threshold is met)and is transmitted along neurones to CNS
29
Q

how does the body detect difference between large and small stimulus

A

more frequent action potentials

30
Q

Explain synapse mechanism and how excess neurotransmitters are dealt

A
  • action potential arrives
  • depolarisation of pre-synaptic neurone triggers calcium channel to open
  • influx of calcium ions causes synaptic vesicles to fuse aginst pre synaptic membrane
  • vesicles release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft via exocytosis
  • neurotransmitters diffuse across and bind onto receptors on post synaptic neurone
  • causing sodium gated channels on post synpatic neurone to open
  • influx of sodium ions causes depolarisation and action potential is generated if threshold is met
  • excess neurotransmitter is broken down by enzmes
31
Q

how does motor neurone cause a post synaptic neurone to depolarise

A
  • action potential reaches pre synaptic neurone
  • depolarisation of pre synaptic membrane triggers ca2+ channels to open
  • influx of ca2+ ions causes vesicles to fuse with pre-synaptic membrane
  • neurotransmitter diffuse across synaptic cleft
  • bind to to receptors on post synaptic membrane
  • allows sodium channels to open and sodium ion diffuse into neurone
  • threshold potential reached
  • muscle cell contracts
32
Q

what is a cholinergenic synapse

A

synapses that use acetylcholine

33
Q

what is the post synaptic receptor in cholinergenic synapses

A

cholinergenic receptors

34
Q

How is an action potential generated

A

A; resting potential -70mv - Sodium potassium pump open(actively transport 3NA+ out and 2K+ in), gated sodium pump closed (no na+ can diffuse back into axon), potassium pump open(K+ can diffuse out of axon)- inside membrane (-) outside membrane(+)

B- energy from stimulus triggers some of sodium gated channels to open allowing sodium ions to diffuse down chemical gradient

C - depolarisation -positive feedback so more sodium voltage pump open - allowing influx of sodium ions into membrane - causing more (+) inside membrane (-)outside membrane. Threshold is met- greater number of sodium pumps open(-55mv)

+E - repolarised membrane - from +40 mv potassium channel opens, allowing potassium ions to diffuse out of axon to decrease potential difference, sodium gated channels close

F-hyperpolarisation -80mv - too much K+ diffused out so more negative potential difference

G - repolarisation - K gated channels shut, sodium potassium pump opens , -70mv re-established

35
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

Propogation of axon potential along neurone with myelin sheath (saltatory conduction)

Biology (6 decks)

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