neuronal function

Question 1

internal transmission importance:

Answer 1

• neurons must be intact and have access to glucose, via oxygen
• neurotransmitters must engage
• myelin must be present
• networks must connect

Question 2

functional importance of synapse

Answer 2

• to influence other neurons or tissues
• using electrical impulses which cause neurotransmitters to be released
• to make it across the synaptic cleft in order to depolarize or hyper polarize the receiving membrane
• to the point that an action potential is fired down the axon
• to “fire together and wire together” in order to form neural networks

Question 3

structural importance of synapse

Answer 3

• the presynaptic terminal
• the synaptic cleft
• post synaptic terminal - the receiving cell membrane, which might be the dendrite of another neuron, or the muscle cell, or gland cell

Question 4

STUDY HOW THE SYNAPSE WORKS

Answer 4

IN POWERPOINT

Question 5

resting potentional

Answer 5

always a state of imbalance

-cell membrane is negatively charged

Question 6

polarization

Answer 6

• the cell is always negative

- the outside of the cell is always positive, relative to the inside of the cell

Question 7

reach/breach

Answer 7

-the degree of electrical charge must be strong enough to change the permeability of the cell membrane

Question 8

when the polarization is disrupted..

Answer 8

• NA rushes in - more negative inside

- K rushes out- more positive on the outside

Question 9

all or nothing principle

Answer 9

-cell either fires or it doesn’t based on if the threshold has been reached

Question 10

depolarization

Answer 10

firing of a neuron

Question 11

hyperpolarization

Answer 11

DO NOT fire the impulse

Question 12

action potentional occurs

Answer 12

at the moment a neurons sends as impulse down its own axon

Question 13

sodium potassium pumps

Answer 13

cell returns to its resting potential

Question 14

absolute refractory period

Answer 14

during that time after an AP, the voltage-gated ion channels are opening to allow Na to rush in and then they become inactive - no other AP can take place

Question 15

relative refractory period

Answer 15

during the K-rush, and efforts to depolarize the membrane, you could stimulate another AP if the stimulus is strong enough

Question 16

neurotransmitters

Answer 16

• chemicals released at the synapse of one neuron
• and reabsorb by the next neuron
• one neuron to another
• influencing only one neuron at a time

Question 17

neuromodulators

Answer 17

• chemicals released at the synapse of many neurons
• NOT reabsorbed
• diffuses out into the CSF, influencing many neurons in a system
• like taking a bath in the neurotransmitter

Question 18

important neuromodulators

Answer 18

• achetylcholine
• dopamine
• serotonin
• norepinephrine

Question 19

acetylcholine

Answer 19

-engages arousal
-focus and maintain attention
-supports cognitive awareness
WAKE UP AND GET GOING!

Question 20

dopamine

Answer 20

-sustains motor function, movement
-sustains motivational focus
-reward the effort
-reinforce the effort
-maintain the effort
low levels= parkinsons
high levels= schizophrenia

Question 21

serotonin

Answer 21

• balances emotional surges
• modulates affect (emotional state)
• influences concentration
• low levels= depression and anxiety

Question 22

norepinephrine

Answer 22

• selective attention
• engages when the brain is given new info, interesting stimuli
• ritalin and concerta regulate this
• regulates sleep/wake cycles
• both excitatory and inhibitory
• high levels= increased HR, BP, dry mouth, stops peristalsis

Question 23

epilepsy

Answer 23

• too many neurons fire
• overruns the system
• neural firing gone awry
• anit-seizure meds attempt to control the excessive firing

Question 24

myasthenia gravis

Answer 24

• cant sustain effects of Ach
• cant maintain firing of impulses with sustained effort
• need to rest.. try again