Neuron

Question 1

micrographia
ataxia
chorea
bradykinesia
dysphagia
aphasia

Answer 1

micrographia writing in small print
ataxia uncoordinated movement
chorea is jerking movements
bradykinesia is slow movement
dysphagia issues with swallowing
aphasia difficulty speaking or understanding what is said to you

Question 2

lumbar puncture

Answer 2

A lumbar puncture is where a needle is inserted between the lumbar vertebrae to obtain cerebral spinal fluid.

Question 3

EEG

Answer 3

An EEG shows brain electrical waves; think of it like an ECG for the brain.

Question 4

strokes

Answer 4

1. ischemic stroke 2. hemorrhagic stroke.
   Ischemic strokes are the most common type of stroke and are caused by a clot or extreme narrowing of a cerebral artery and hemorrhagic strokes are caused by a ruptured cerebral artery causing a bleed. Ischemic strokes can be broken down further into different types or causes. For example, there is small penetrating or large artery which is what it sounds like strokes in small vessels (small penetrating) or a stroke in a larger artery (is a stroke in large artery like the middle cerebral artery). Cardiogenic embolic causes are from cardiac origins which are generally from atrial fibrillation or a patent foramen ovale. Other causes of an ischemic stroke are hypercoaguable states such as blood that can easily clot due to a coagulation disorder. Finally, cryptogenic causes means we don’t know why the stroke occurred.

Despite hemorrhagic strokes being less common there is a high risk for morbidity and mortality. Mortality can be as high as 50% within the first 30 days of hospital admission for a person with a hemorrhagic stroke. The recovery for patients after a hemorrhagic stroke is also very complex and many patients will have lifelong deficits. Hemorrhagic stroke can be classified into two subcategories which is subarachnoid hemorrhage or bleeding within the subarachnoid space or intracerebral which is a bleed within the brain

Question 5

Ischemia

Answer 5

Ischemia being the lack of blood supply

Question 6

ischemic

Answer 6

ischemic would be the death of tissue.

Question 7

What is the difference between a TIA, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 7

A TIA is a pre-cursor to a stroke though so we worry about TIAs. In contrast an ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke there is dead brain tissue.

Question 8

different stroke and TIA

Answer 8

In a TIA there is no dead brain tissue, so a TIA has a period of ischemia that is relieved. The way to tell the difference between a TIA and a stroke is that with a stroke you have dead brain tissue on a scan like a CT or MRI, but a TIA you would not have any dead brain tissue.

Question 9

modified stroke factor

Answer 9

Endothelial injury
Arteriosclerosis
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Diabetes
Atrial Fibrillation
Overweight/obesity
Previous TIA
Sickle cell
Tobacco use
Alcohol use
Physical inactivity
Oral contraceptives
Family history
Age/gender

Question 10

Which are non-modifiable

Answer 10

Age/gender

Question 11

more risk

Answer 11

Age (older more at risk) or gender (females greater risk then men at an older age).

Question 12

modifiable risk factors

Answer 12

hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia
Overweight/obesity
Tobacco use
Alcohol use
Physical inactivity
Oral contraceptives

Question 13

Atrial fibrillation

Answer 13

Atrial fibrillation is a unique risk factor for an ischemic stroke because in atrial fibrillation the atria are quivering or not adequately squeezing blood into the ventricles which predisposes the atria for clot formation.

Question 14

atrial fibrillation

Answer 14

it increases the risk for an ischemic stroke

Question 15

Hemorrhagic Stroke: Etiology/risk factors
Intracerebral

Answer 15

Intracerebral
*most common type of hemorrhagic stroke
HTN
Trauma
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

Question 16

Hemorrhagic Stroke: Etiology/risk factors
Subarachnoid

Answer 16

Subarachnoid
HTN
Trauma
Aneurysm
Cigarette smoking
Use of high estrogen oral contraceptives
Excessive alcohol intake
Use of illegal drugs

Question 17

arteriovenous malformation (AVM

Answer 17

is a risk factor for an intracerebral hemorrhage

An AVM is where there is a tangle of veins and arteries, and this tangled area has thin walls which is why it is prone to rupture

Question 18

aneurysm

Answer 18

is an outpouching or bulging of an arterial wall

Fusiform
Berry
Saccular

Question 19

Circle of Willis

Answer 19

A specific place of concern for strokes in the arterial cerebral circulation is the circle of Willis where aneurysms can form. The Circle of Willis supplies large sections of blood to the brain so ruptures in this area lead to devastating strokes. Similarly, any clot formation within this area can lead to devasting ischemic strokes too.