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biomechanics > Neuromuscular Basis Of Human Movement > Flashcards

Neuromuscular Basis Of Human Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve impulse (action potential)

A

The signal that passes from one neuron to the next and finally the end organ (muscle fibers)

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2
Q

Pathway of Nerve Impulse

A

Travels from cell body to axon to terminal

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3
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Dynamic equilibrium at -70mV
Potassium inside, sodium outside
Polarized membrane

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4
Q

Depolarization

A

Nerves transmit information by changing the potential across the membrane
RMP moves closer to 0mV

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5
Q

Threshold

A

Before a nerve can be depolarized and an AP started, there must be sufficient stimulation
Typical nerve threshold = -55mV
No threshold = no AP

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6
Q

Afférent Pathways

A

Afférent neurons send sensory information to the CNS

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7
Q

Efferent Pathways

A

Efferent neurons send executing information to periphery

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8
Q

CNS

A

Brain, spinal cord, human movement initiated, controlled, and monitored

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9
Q

PNS

A

Branching nerves outside of spinal cord

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10
Q

Neuron

A

Functional unit of the nervous system

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11
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry signals to muscle

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12
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Ascending into to spinal cord and brain

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13
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Descending info from CNS/spinal cord to muscles

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

Afférent to efférent
Efférent to efferent
Higher centers to spinal cords

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15
Q

Soma

A

Body of cell

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16
Q

Ganglia

A

Bundles or cell bodies just outside the spinal cord

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

Projections on the cell body that serve as receivers

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18
Q

Axon

A

Large nerve fiber that branches out from spinal cord

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19
Q

Alpha motor neuron

A

Large, rapidly transmitting neuron

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20
Q

Myelinated

A

Covered with an insulated shell

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21
Q

Schwann cells

A

Insulation enveloping specific section of axon

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22
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gap in between Schwann cells

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23
Q

Synapse

A

Small gap between terminal branch of neuron and muscle

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24
Q

Motor unit

A

Composed of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

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25
Q

Motor unit fibers

A

of fibers depends on the precision of movement required of that muscle

# of motor units decreases with age

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26
Q

All or none principle

A

When motor units receive sufficient stimulation, all fibers of a motor unit produce tension together

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27
Q

Recruitment

A

Increasing the # of stimulated motor units

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28
Q

Rate coding

A

Increasing the stimulation rate of the active motor units

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29
Q

Rate coding - twitch

A

The effect of a single stimulus

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30
Q

Rate coding - summation

A

The overall effect of added stimuli

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31
Q

Rate coding - tetanus

A

Sustained maximal tension due to high frequency stimulation

32
Q

Type I fibers

A

Slow contraction time
Generates little tension
Highly fatigue resistant
Maintaining posture
Distance runner

33
Q

Type IIa

A

Fast contraction time
More fatigue resistance than type IIb
Swimming and bicycling

34
Q

Type IIx fibers

A

Rapid contraction time
Innervated by alpha motor units
Large neuron to fiber ratios
Sprinting, jumping, weightlifting

35
Q

Tension generation

A

Determined by size and number of motor units recruited

36
Q

Order of motor unit activation

A

Type I
Type IIa
Type IIb

37
Q

Asynchronous activation

A

Activation is temporarily spaced but summed with all preceding motor unit activity

38
Q

Synchronous activation

A

Large and small motor units activated together
Ballistic movements, adaptation from weight training

39
Q

Frequency coding

A

High frequency can induce high tension production (rate coding)

40
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Neurons that carry impulses to CNS

41
Q

Reflex

A

Involuntary response to stimuli

42
Q

Monosynaptic reflex arc

A

When sensory neuron is stimulated, it facilitates the stimulation of a spinal motor neuron

43
Q

Myotatic reflex

A

Causes contraction of a muscle being stretched
Also called stretch reflex

44
Q

Flexor reflex

A

Initiated by painful stimulus
Causes quick withdrawal/flexion of the limb

45
Q

Cutaneous reflex

A

Causes relaxation of muscle with heat or massage

46
Q

Priopriospinal reflexes

A

Reflexes processed on both sides and at different levels of the spinal cord

47
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

Causes extension of flexed limb when contralateral limb rapidly flexes

48
Q

Tonic neck reflex

A

Causes flexion or extension of the limbs when head flexes or extends, respectively

49
Q

Supraspinal reflexes

A

Reflexes brought into the spinal cord but processed by brain

50
Q

Labyrinthine righting reflex

A

Causes body to return head to neutral position when body is tilted or spun

51
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Main sensory receptors for muscle
Sense change in joint position muscle length, or muscle tension

52
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Monitors muscle stretch

53
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

Fibers inside the muscle spindle

54
Q

Nuclear bag fibers

A

Intrafusal fibers with a large clustering of nuclei in the center
Type Ia afferent neurons exit from middle portion of this fiber
Auto-excitatory
Contractile capability of the spindles

55
Q

Gamma motor neuron

A

Innervates contractile ends of muscle spindle
Indirectly enhance alpha motor neuron excitation

56
Q

Gamma bias

A

Readjustment of muscle spindle length by contracting ends of Intrafusal fiber

57
Q

Gamma loop

A

Reflex arc that works with stretch reflex
Include afferent, gamma, and alpha pathways

58
Q

Nuclear chain

A

Primary afferent
Type Ia
Respond to stretch by initiating stretch reflex
Secondary afferent
Type II
Facilitate flexors and inhibit extensor activity

59
Q

Nuclear chain fiber

A

Intrafusal fiber with nuclei arranged in rows

60
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Facilitates contraction of a muscle being stretched

61
Q

Autogenic facilitation

A

Internally generated excitation of the alpha motor neurons through stretch or other input

62
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Relaxation of antagonist while agonists produce joint action

63
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

A

Monitors muscle tension

64
Q

Extrafusal fibers (GTO)

A

Fibers outside of the muscle spindle

65
Q

Inverse stretch reflex (GTO)

A

Initiated by high tension in muscle
Inhibits contraction of muscle via GTO
Causes relaxation of a vigorously contracting muscle

66
Q

Myotendinous junction

A

Attached to muscle fibers, thus more sensitive to contraction than stretch

67
Q

Ballistic

A

Activate muscle spindles which elicits a stretch reflex

68
Q

Static

A

If static position achieved slowly then can minimize muscle spindle response

69
Q

Is static or ballistic better?

A

Static is better than ballistic

70
Q

Ruffini ending

A

Sensory receptor in joint capsule that responds to change in joint position and velocity

71
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Sensory receptor in skin stimulated by pressure and pain

72
Q

Active ROM

A

Degree I’d motion occurring at joint due to voluntary contraction of agonist

73
Q

Passive ROM

A

Degree of motion occurring at joint due to external ,manipulation
Gravity, manual resistance

74
Q

Restrictions to ROM

A

Soft tissue surrounding joint
Connective tissue surrounding muscle
Ligaments
Bony structures
Stretch reflex
Inverse stretch reflex

75
Q

Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

A

Incorporates combination sequences of contraction and relaxation
Often used in rehabilitation settings
Takes advantage of the response of the proprioceptors

76
Q

Polymetric Training

A

Purpose is to improve velocity of performance
Rapid stretching through limited ROM immediately followed by rapid contraction of the same muscle

biomechanics (3 decks)

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