Neuromuscular and Nervous System Flashcards
Divisions of the brain
- *forebrain (prosencephalon): telencephalon-cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala;diencephalon- thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus
- *midbrain (mesencephalon): tectum- suprior and inferior colliculi; tegmentum- cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantia nigra, red nucleus
- hindbrain (rhombencephalon): metencephalon- cerebellum, pons; myelencephalon- medulla oblongata
divisions of the brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata- brainstem is noted seperately to acknowledge its components since it incorporates the midbrain with specific sections of the hindbrain
divisions of the spinal cord
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal levels; afferent and efferent tracts; inner core of gray matter and superficial white mater
characteristics of the CNS
- main centers where integration and coordination of NS info occurs
- covered in a system of meninges and suspended in CSF for protection
- surrounded by skull and vertebral column for protection
- gray matter consists of unmyelinated neurons and contain capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies, and dendrites
- white matter consists of myelinated axons and contains nerve fibers w/o dendrites
- white matter of the SC is divided into 3 funiculi: ant, lateral and dorsal columns
- brain divided into L and R cerebral hemispheres
- each hemisphere of the brain contains a frontal lobs, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe
Divisions of the PNS (peripheral nervous system)
cranial nerves (12 pairs that exit the skull through the foramina); spinal nerves and ganglia/plexuses: 31 pairs of spinal nerves exit the vertebral column through the intervertebral foramina (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)
Characteristics of the PNS
- bundles of nerve fibers and axons are supported by connective tissue and conduct info to the CNS
- encased in fibrous sheaths, however, relatively unprotected
- spinal nerves each have an ant. root carrying motor info away from the CNS (efferent fibers) and a post. root carrying info regarding sensation to the CNS (afferent)
- ganglia are clusters or swellings of cells that give rise to the peripheral and central nerve fibers
- ganglia are divided into sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia
Divisions of the ANS (autonomic nervous system)
sympathetic division (prepares the body for emergency response, NE neurotransmitter; generally a stimulating response) and parasympathetic division (conserving and restoring energy; AcH neurotransmitter; generally an inhibitory response)
Characteristics of the ANS
- anatomically contains portions of the CNS and PNS
- concerned with innervation for involuntary processes, glands, internal organs, and smooth muscle
- emphasis on homeostasis and a person’s response to stress
- impulses often do not reach out consciousness
- impulses produce largely automatic responses
Somatic nervous system (SNS) divisions
peripheral and motor nerve fibers
Characteristics of the SNS
- peripheral nerve fibers send sensory info to the CNS
- motor nerve fibers send info to skeletal muscles
- somatic motor neurons travel directly to skeletal ms w/o intervening synapses
- all nerve fibers are myelinated
- controls voluntary mvmts and provides ability to sense touch, smell, sight, taste and sound
- all 5 senses are influenced by the SNS
Divisions of the limbic system
corpus callosum, olfactory tract, mammillary bodies, fornix, thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampul gyrus, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamic nuclei
Characteristics of the limbic system
- involved in the control and expression of mood and emotion, processing and storage of recent memory, olfaction, control of appetite, and emotional responses to food
- lesions to the limbic system can also result in a variety of behaviors including aggression, extreme fearfulness, altered sexual behavior, and changes in motivation
Examples of ANS disorders
constipation, erectile dysfunction, Horner’s syndrome, vasovagal syncope, orthostatic hypotension, and postural tachycardia syndrome
Interhemispheric tissue of the cerebrum (medial longitudinal)
separates the 2 cerebral hemipheres
sylvian tissue of the cerebrum (lateral)
anterior portion separates the temporal and frontal lobes; posterior postion separates the temporal and parietal lobes
Central sulcus (sulcus of Rolando)
separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally
parieto-occipital sulcus
separates the parietal and occipital lobes medially
calcarine sulcus
separates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves
Left hemisphere specialization/dominance
language, sequence and perform movements, understand language, produce written and spoken language, analytical, controlled, logical, rational, mathematical calculations, express positive emotions such as love and happiness, process verbally coded information in an organized, logical and sequential manner
Ride hemisphere specialization/dominance
nonverbal processing, process information in a holistic manner, artistic abilities, general concept comprehension, hand-eye coordination, spatial relationships, kinesthetic awareness, understand music, understand nonverbal communication, mathematical reasoning, express negative emotions, body image awareness
function of the frontal lobe
- voluntary movement (primary motor cortex/precentral gyrus), intellect, orientation
- Broca’s area (typically located in the L hemisphere): speech concentration
- personality, temper, judgement, reasoning, behavior, self-awareness, executive functions
Impairment of frontal lobe
- contralateral weakness
- perseveration, inattention
- personality changes, antisocial behavior
- impaired concentration, apathy
- Broca’s aphasia (expressive deficits)
- delayed or poor initiation
- emotional lability
function of the parietal lobe
- associated with sensation or touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration, and temperature
- receives info from other areas of the brain regarding hearing, vision, motor, sensory and memory
- provides meaning for objects
- interprets language and words
- spatial and visual perception
impairment of parietal lobe
- dominant hemisphere (typically in the L hemisphere): agraphia, alexia, agnosia
- non-dominanat hemisphere (typically located in the R hemisphere): dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia
- contralateral sensory deficits
- impaired language comprehension
- impaired taste
Function of temporal lobe
- primary audiotry processing and olfaction
- Wernicke’s area (typically located in the L hemisphere): ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory, assists with understanding language
- the rear of the temporal lobe enables humans to interpret other peoples’ emotions and reactions
impairments of temporal lobe
- learning deficits
- Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive deficits)
- antisocial, aggressive behaviors
- difficulty with facial recognition
- difficulty with memory, memory loss
- inability to categorize objects
functions of occipital lobe
- main processing center for visual info
- process visual info regarding colors, light and shapes
- judgment of distance, seeing in 3 dimensions
impairment of occipital lobe
- homonymous hemianopsia
- impaired extraocular muscle movement and visual deficits
- impaired color recognition
- reading and writing impairment
- cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement
Basal ganglia
gray matter masses located deep within white matter of the cerebrum and include the caudate, putamen, globes pallid us, substantial nigra and sub thalamic nuclei; collectively responsible for voluntary mvmt, regulation of autonomic mvmt, posture, ms tone, and control of motor responses; dysfunction of BG has been assoc. w/ Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome, attention-deficit disorder, OCD, and many addictions
