Musculoskeletal Flashcards
1
Q
Where can you find free nerve endings?
A
joint capsule, ligaments, synovium and fat pads
2
Q
What is the sensitivity of free nerve endings?
A
one type is sensitive to non-noxious mechanical stress; other type is sensitive to noxious mechanical or biochemical stimuli
3
Q
Where are free nerve endings distributed?
A
All joints
4
Q
Where can you find pacinian corpuscles?
A
fibrous layer of joint capsule
5
Q
What is the sensitivity of pacinian corpuscles?
A
high frequency vibration, acceleration, and high velocity changes in joint position
6
Q
Where are pacinian corpuscles distributed?
A
All joints
7
Q
Where can you find golgi ligament endings?
A
ligaments, adjacent to ligament’s bony attachment
8
Q
What is the sensitivity of golgi ligament endings?
A
tension or stretch on ligaments
9
Q
Where is the primary distribution of golgi ligament endings?
A
majority of joints
10
Q
Where are ruffini endings located in the body?
A
fibrous layer of joint capsule
11
Q
What is the sensitivity of ruffini endings?
A
stretching of joint capsule; amplitude and velocity of joint position
12
Q
What is the primary distribution of ruffini endings?
A
greater density in proximal joints, particularly in capsular regions
13
Q
Where are golgi-mazzoni corpuscles located in the body?
A
joint capsule
14
Q
What is the sensitivity of golgi-mazzoni corpuscles?
A
compression of joint capsule
15
Q
What is the primary distribution of golgi-mazzoni corpuscles?
A
knee joint, joint capsule
16
Q
What is anatomical position?
A
erect posture of the body with the face forward feet pointing forward and slightly apart, arms at the side, palms facing forward with fingers extended
17
Q
What is the frontal/coronal plane?
A
divides the body into anterior and posterior sections; motions in the frontal plane include abduction and adduction and occur around an anterior-posterior axis
18
Q
What is the sagittal plane?
A
divides the body into right and left sections; motions in this plane include flexion and extension and occur around a medial-lateral axis
19
Q
What is the transverse plane?
A
divides the body into upper and lower sections; motions in this plane include medial and lateral rotation and occur around a vertical axis
20
Q
What is anaerobic metabolism?
A
energy systems that are used primarily for short duration/high intensity activity that require not oxygenation
21
Q
What is APT-PC system or Phosphagen system?
A
an energy system that is used for ATP production during high intensity/short duration (100m) exercise. Phosphocreatine decomposes and releases a large amount of energy used to compose ATP. This process occurs almost instantaneously allowing for ready and available energy needed by muscles. System provides energy for muscle contraction for up to 15 sec. Both ATP and PC are stored within the contractile unit of the muscle
22
Q
What is anaerobic glycolysis?
A
energy system that provides ATP during high intensity/ short duration (440-800m) activities. Stored glycogen is split into glucose, and through glycolysis split again into pyruvic acid; energy released during this process forms ATP. Process does not require oxygen; process results in formation of lactic acid which causes muscular fatigue; can provide 30-40 sec of muscle contraction
23
Q
What is aerobic metabolism?
A
used predominantly during long duration exercise (i.e. marathon); requires oxygen and yields the most ATP; requires several series of complex chemical reactions; provides energy through oxygenation of food; provides energy as long as there are nutrients to utilize
24
Q
What is a class 1 lever?
A
fulcrum between the force and load; very few class 1 levers in human body; i.e. triceps or seesaw
25
What is a class 2 lever?
load between the fulcrum and the force; length of the effort arm is always longer than the resistance arm; i.e. wheelbarrow
26
What is a class 3 lever?
force between fulcrum and the load; length of the effort arm is shorter than the length of the resistance arm; shoulder and with wt at wrist is a class 3 lever; usually permits for large movements at rapid speeds and are most common type of lever in human body i.e. elbow flexion
27
What are fibrous joints (synarthroses)?
composed of bones that are united by fibrous tissue and are nonsynovial; movement is minimal to none with the amount of movement permitted at the joint dependent on the length of the fibers uniting the bones; i.e. suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
28
What are sutures (joints)?
union of 2 bones by a ligament or membrane; immovable joint; eventual fusion is termed synostosis; ie. sagittal suture of the skull
29
What are syndesmosis?
bone connected to bone by a dense fibrous membrane or cord; very little motion; i.e. tibia and fibula with interosseous membrane
30
What are gomphosis?
2 bony surfaces connect as a peg in a hole; the teeth and corresponding sockets in the mandible/maxilla are the only gomphosis joints in the body; the periodontal membrane is the fibrous component of the joint
31
What are cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)?
have a hyline cartilage or fibrocartilage that connects one bone to another; these are slightly moveable joints; i.e. synchondrosis, symphysis
32
What is a synchondrosis?
hyaline cartilage that adjoins 2 ossifying centers of bone and provides stability during growth; may ossify to a synostosis once growth is completed; slight motion; i.e. sternum and true rib articulation
33
What is symphysis?
generally located at the midline of the body; 2 bones covered with hyaline cartilage and connected by fibrocartilage; slight motion; ie. pubic symphysis
34
What are synovial joints (diarthroses)?
provide free movement between bones they join; they have 5 distinguishing characteristics: 1 joint cavity, 2 articular cartilage, 3 synovial membrane, 4 synovial fluid, 5 fibrous capsule; these joints are the most complex and vulnerable to injury; further classified by type of movement and shape of articulating bones; i.e. uniaxial joints, biaxial joints and multi-axial joints
35
What are uni-axial joints?
one motion around a single axis in one plane of the body i.e. hinge (elbow joint) or pivot/trochoid (atlantoaxial joint)
36
What are bi-axial joints?
movement occurs in 2 planes and around 2 axes through the convex/concave surfaces; i.e. condyloid joint (metacarpophalengeal joint of a finger) or saddle joint (carpometocarpal joint of the thumb)
37
What are multi-axial joints?
movement occurs in 3 planes and around 3 axes; i.e. plane/gliding joints (carpal joints) or ball and socket joints (shoulder joint)
38
Muscles that control depression of TMJ
lateral pterygoid, suprahyoid, infrahyoid
39
Muscles that control elevation of TMJ
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid
40
Muscles that control protrusion of TMJ
masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid
41
Muscles that control retrusion of TMJ
temporalis, masseter, digastric
42
Muscles that control side to side of TMJ
medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, masseter, temporalis
43
Muscles that control cervical flexion
SCM, longus colli, scalenes
44
Muscles that control cervical rotation and lateral bending
SCM, scalenes, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis, iliocstalis cervicis, levator scapulae, multifidus
45
Muscles that control cervical extension
splenius cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, multifidus, trapezius
46
Muscles that control thoracic and lumbar flexion
rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique
47
Muscles that control thoracic and lumbar extension
erector spinae, QL, multifidus
48
Muscles that control thoracic and lumbar rotation/lateral bending
psoas major, QL, external oblique, internal oblique, multifidus, longissimus thoraces, iliocostalis thoraces, rotatores
49
Muscles that control elevation of scapula
UT, levator
50
Muscles that control depression of scapula
Lats, pec major, pec minor, lower trap
51
Muscles that control protraction of scapula
serratus anterior, pec minor
52
Muscles that control retraction of scapula
trapezius, rhomboids
53
Muscles that control upward rotation of scapula
trapezius, serratus anterior
54
Muscles that control downward rotation of scapula
rhomboids, levator scap, pec minor
55
Muscles that control shoulder flexion
ant. delt, coracobrachialis, pec major, biceps brachii
56
Muscles that control shoulder extension
lats, post. delt, teres major
57
Muscles that control shoulder abduction
middle delt, supraspinatus
58
Muscles that control shoulder adduction
pec major, lats, teres major
59
Muscles that control shoulder lateral rotation (ER)
teres minor, infraspinatus, post delt
60
Muscles that control shoulder medial rotation (IR)
subscapularis, trees major, pec major, lats, ant. delt
61
Muscles that control elbow flexion
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
62
Muscles that control elbow extension
triceps brachii, anconeus
63
Muscles that control radioulnar supination
biceps brachii, supinator
64
Muscles that control radioulnar pronation
pronator teres, pronator quadratus
65
Muscles that control wrist flexion
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus
66
Muscles that control wrist extension
extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris
67
Muscles that control radial deviation
extensor carpi radialis, flexor carpi radilais, entensor pollicis longus and brevis
68
Muscles that control ulnar deviation
extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpis ulnaris
69
Muscles that control hip flexion
iliopsoas, sartorius, rectus femoris, pectineus
70
Muscles that control hip extension
gluteus maximus and medius, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris
71
Muscles that control hip abduction
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, obturator internus
72
Muscles that control hip adduction
adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis
73
Muscles that control hip medial rotation (IR)
TFL, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, pectineus, adductor longus
74
Muscles that control hip lateral rotation (ER)
gluteus maximus, obturator externus, obturator internus, piriformis, gemelli, sartorius
75
Muscles that control knee flexion
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, sartorius
76
Muscles that control knee extension
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
77
Muscles that control ankle PF
tibilais posterior, gastroc, soleus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, plantaris flexor hallucis
78
Muscles that control ankle DF
Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius
79
Muscles that control ankle inversion
tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, flexor digitorum longus
80
Muscles that control ankle eversion
peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius
81
glenohumeral joint articulations
formed by the convex head of the humerus and he concave glenoid fossa of the scapula; the joint is a ball and socket synovial joint with 3 degrees of freedom; the joint is inherently unstable
82
osteokinematics of GH joint
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, IR, ER
83
loose packed position of GH joint
55 degrees abduction, 30 degrees hz add
84
close packed position of GH joint
abduction and lateral rotation
85
capsular patter of GH joint
lateral rotation, abduction, medial rotation
86
sternoclavicular articulations
formed by the medial end of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum; saddle-shaped synovial joint with 3 degrees of freedom; fibrocartilaginous disc between manubrium and clavicle enhances the stability of the joint; disc acts as a shock absorber and serves ad the axis for clavicular rotation
87
SC joint osteokinematics
elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, medial rotation, lateral rotation
88
loose packed position of SC joint
arm resting by the side
89
close packed position of the SC joint
maximum shoulder elevation
90
capsular pattern of SC joint
pain at extremes of ROM
91
AC joint articulations
formed by the acromion of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle; plane synovial joint with 3 degrees of freedom; functions to maintain the relationship between the scapula and clavicle during GH ROM
92
AC joint osteokinematics
anterior tilting, posterior tilting, upward rotation, downward rotation, protraction, retraction
93
AC joint loose packed position
arm resting by the side
94
AC joint close packed position
arm abducted to 90 degrees
95
AC joint capsular pattern
pain at extremes of ROM
96
scapulothoracic articulation
formed by the body of the scapula and the muscles covering the posterior chest wall; motion consists of sliding of the scapula on the thorax; this articulation is not a true anatomical joint b/c it lacks the necessary synovial joint characteristics
97
glenoid labrum
fibrocartilaginous structure that serves to deepen the glenoid fossa and increased the size of the articular surface; consists of dense fibrous connective tissue that is often damaged with recurrent shoulder instability
98
joint capsule of shoulder
arises from the glenoid fossa and the glenoid labrum to blend with the muscles of the RTC; volume of the joint capsule is 2x large the size of the humeral head; capsule is reinforced by the GH ligaments and the coracohumeral ligament
99
subacromial bursa
extends over the supraspinatus tendon and distal muscle belly, beneath the acromion and deltoid muscle; facilitates movement of the deltoid muscle over the fibrous capsule of the shoulder joint and supraspinatus tendon; often involved with impingement beneath acromial arch
100
subscapular bursa
overlies the anterior joint capsule and lies beneath the subscapularis muscle; anterior shoulder fullness may indicate articular effusion secondary to distention of the bursa
101
radiohumeral joint articulations
proximal joint surface is the ball-shaped capitulum of the distal humerus; distal joint surface is the concave head of the radius
102
osteokinematics of rediohumeral joint
flexion, extension, pronation, supination
103
loose packed position of radiohumeral joint
full extension, supination
104
close packed position of radiohumeral joint
90 degrees flexion, 5 degrees supination
105
capsular pattern of radiohumeral joint
flexion, extension, supination, pronation
106
ulnohumeral joint articulations
formed by the hourglass-shaped trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna
107
osteokinematics of ulnohumeral joint
flexion, extension
108
loose packed position of ulnohumeral joint
70 degrees of elbow flexion, 10 degrees supination
109
close packed position of ulnohumeral joint
extension
110
capsular pattern of ulnohumeral joint
flexion, extension
111
proximal radioulnar joint articulation
concave radial notch of the ulna and the convex rim of the radial head
112
osteokinematics of proximal radioulnar joint
pronation, supination
113
loose packed position of proximal radioulnar joint
70 degrees elbow flexion, 35 degrees supination
114
close packed position of the proximal radioulnar joint
5 degrees supination
115
capsular pattern of proximal radioulnar joint
supination, pronation
116
radial collateral ligament (i.e. LCL) of the elbow
extends from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the lateral border and olecranon process of the ulna and to the annular ligament; its fan-shaped ligament that prevents adduction of the elbow joint and provides reinforcement for the radiohumeral articulation
117
ulnar collateral ligament (UCL/MCL)
runs from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the proximal portion of the ulna; prevents excessive abduction of the elbow joint
118
annular ligament
consists of a band of fibers that surrounds the head of the radius; allows the head of the radius to rotate and retain contact with the radial notch of the ulna
119
anterior ligament
capsular in nature and function; stretches from radial collateral ligament and attaches above the upper edge of the coronoid fossa, extending to just below the coronoid process
120
posterior ligament
resembles the anterior ligament; blends on each side with the collateral ligaments and is attached to the upper portion of the olecranon fossa, and to just below the olecranon process
121
radiocarpal joint articulations
the proximal joint surfaces is formed by the distal radius and the radioulnar articular disc, which connects the medial aspect of the distal radius to the distal ulna; the distal joint surface is formed by the scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum; the joint has 2 degrees of freedom; encased in a strong capsule reinforced by numerous ligaments shared with the mid carpal joint
122
osteokinematics of radio carpal joint
flexion, extension, radial deviation, ulnar deviation
123
loose packed position of radio carpal joint
neutral with slight ulnar deviation
124
close packed position of radio carpal joint
extension with radial deviation
125
capsular pattern of radio carpal joint
flexion and extension equally limited
126
midcarpal joint articulations
motion of the wrist results in complex motion between proximal and distal row of carpals with the exception of the pisiform; joint surfaces are reciprocally convex and concave
127
dorsal radiocarpal ligament
only major ligament on the dorsal surface of the wrist; originates on the posterior surfaces of the distal radius and styloid process of the radius and attaches to the lunate and triquetrum; serves to limit wrist flexion
128
palmar radiocarpal ligament
maintains the alignment of the associated joint structures and limits hyperextension of the wrist; originates from the anterior surface of the distal radius and attaches to the capitate, triquetrum, and scaphoid
129
radial collateral ligament of the wrist
serves to limit ulnar deviation and becomes taut when the wrist is in extremes of extension and flexion; originates from the styloid process of the radius and inserts on the scaphoid and trapezium
130
carpal tunnel
located close to the deep surfaces of the flexor retinaculum; median nerve enters the palm through the tunnel; any condition that significantly reduces the size of the tunnel (tenosynovitis, inflammation of the flexor retinaculum, etc) may result in compression of the median nerve
131
interosseous membrane of the forearm
consists of a dense band of fibrous connective tissue that runs obliquely from the radius to the ulna; structure spans from the proximal radioulnar joint to the distal radioulnar joint and serves as a stabilizer against axial forces applied to the wrist
