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PT Board Exam > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Where can you find free nerve endings?

A

joint capsule, ligaments, synovium and fat pads

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2
Q

What is the sensitivity of free nerve endings?

A

one type is sensitive to non-noxious mechanical stress; other type is sensitive to noxious mechanical or biochemical stimuli

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3
Q

Where are free nerve endings distributed?

A

All joints

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4
Q

Where can you find pacinian corpuscles?

A

fibrous layer of joint capsule

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5
Q

What is the sensitivity of pacinian corpuscles?

A

high frequency vibration, acceleration, and high velocity changes in joint position

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6
Q

Where are pacinian corpuscles distributed?

A

All joints

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7
Q

Where can you find golgi ligament endings?

A

ligaments, adjacent to ligament’s bony attachment

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8
Q

What is the sensitivity of golgi ligament endings?

A

tension or stretch on ligaments

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9
Q

Where is the primary distribution of golgi ligament endings?

A

majority of joints

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10
Q

Where are ruffini endings located in the body?

A

fibrous layer of joint capsule

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11
Q

What is the sensitivity of ruffini endings?

A

stretching of joint capsule; amplitude and velocity of joint position

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12
Q

What is the primary distribution of ruffini endings?

A

greater density in proximal joints, particularly in capsular regions

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13
Q

Where are golgi-mazzoni corpuscles located in the body?

A

joint capsule

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14
Q

What is the sensitivity of golgi-mazzoni corpuscles?

A

compression of joint capsule

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15
Q

What is the primary distribution of golgi-mazzoni corpuscles?

A

knee joint, joint capsule

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16
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

erect posture of the body with the face forward feet pointing forward and slightly apart, arms at the side, palms facing forward with fingers extended

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17
Q

What is the frontal/coronal plane?

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections; motions in the frontal plane include abduction and adduction and occur around an anterior-posterior axis

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18
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

divides the body into right and left sections; motions in this plane include flexion and extension and occur around a medial-lateral axis

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19
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

divides the body into upper and lower sections; motions in this plane include medial and lateral rotation and occur around a vertical axis

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20
Q

What is anaerobic metabolism?

A

energy systems that are used primarily for short duration/high intensity activity that require not oxygenation

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21
Q

What is APT-PC system or Phosphagen system?

A

an energy system that is used for ATP production during high intensity/short duration (100m) exercise. Phosphocreatine decomposes and releases a large amount of energy used to compose ATP. This process occurs almost instantaneously allowing for ready and available energy needed by muscles. System provides energy for muscle contraction for up to 15 sec. Both ATP and PC are stored within the contractile unit of the muscle

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22
Q

What is anaerobic glycolysis?

A

energy system that provides ATP during high intensity/ short duration (440-800m) activities. Stored glycogen is split into glucose, and through glycolysis split again into pyruvic acid; energy released during this process forms ATP. Process does not require oxygen; process results in formation of lactic acid which causes muscular fatigue; can provide 30-40 sec of muscle contraction

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23
Q

What is aerobic metabolism?

A

used predominantly during long duration exercise (i.e. marathon); requires oxygen and yields the most ATP; requires several series of complex chemical reactions; provides energy through oxygenation of food; provides energy as long as there are nutrients to utilize

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24
Q

What is a class 1 lever?

A

fulcrum between the force and load; very few class 1 levers in human body; i.e. triceps or seesaw

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25
Q

What is a class 2 lever?

A

load between the fulcrum and the force; length of the effort arm is always longer than the resistance arm; i.e. wheelbarrow

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26
Q

What is a class 3 lever?

A

force between fulcrum and the load; length of the effort arm is shorter than the length of the resistance arm; shoulder and with wt at wrist is a class 3 lever; usually permits for large movements at rapid speeds and are most common type of lever in human body i.e. elbow flexion

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27
Q

What are fibrous joints (synarthroses)?

A

composed of bones that are united by fibrous tissue and are nonsynovial; movement is minimal to none with the amount of movement permitted at the joint dependent on the length of the fibers uniting the bones; i.e. suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

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28
Q

What are sutures (joints)?

A

union of 2 bones by a ligament or membrane; immovable joint; eventual fusion is termed synostosis; ie. sagittal suture of the skull

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29
Q

What are syndesmosis?

A

bone connected to bone by a dense fibrous membrane or cord; very little motion; i.e. tibia and fibula with interosseous membrane

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30
Q

What are gomphosis?

A

2 bony surfaces connect as a peg in a hole; the teeth and corresponding sockets in the mandible/maxilla are the only gomphosis joints in the body; the periodontal membrane is the fibrous component of the joint

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31
Q

What are cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)?

A

have a hyline cartilage or fibrocartilage that connects one bone to another; these are slightly moveable joints; i.e. synchondrosis, symphysis

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32
Q

What is a synchondrosis?

A

hyaline cartilage that adjoins 2 ossifying centers of bone and provides stability during growth; may ossify to a synostosis once growth is completed; slight motion; i.e. sternum and true rib articulation

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33
Q

What is symphysis?

A

generally located at the midline of the body; 2 bones covered with hyaline cartilage and connected by fibrocartilage; slight motion; ie. pubic symphysis

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34
Q

What are synovial joints (diarthroses)?

A

provide free movement between bones they join; they have 5 distinguishing characteristics: 1 joint cavity, 2 articular cartilage, 3 synovial membrane, 4 synovial fluid, 5 fibrous capsule; these joints are the most complex and vulnerable to injury; further classified by type of movement and shape of articulating bones; i.e. uniaxial joints, biaxial joints and multi-axial joints

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35
Q

What are uni-axial joints?

A

one motion around a single axis in one plane of the body i.e. hinge (elbow joint) or pivot/trochoid (atlantoaxial joint)

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36
Q

What are bi-axial joints?

A

movement occurs in 2 planes and around 2 axes through the convex/concave surfaces; i.e. condyloid joint (metacarpophalengeal joint of a finger) or saddle joint (carpometocarpal joint of the thumb)

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37
Q

What are multi-axial joints?

A

movement occurs in 3 planes and around 3 axes; i.e. plane/gliding joints (carpal joints) or ball and socket joints (shoulder joint)

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38
Q

Muscles that control depression of TMJ

A

lateral pterygoid, suprahyoid, infrahyoid

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39
Q

Muscles that control elevation of TMJ

A

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid

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40
Q

Muscles that control protrusion of TMJ

A

masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid

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41
Q

Muscles that control retrusion of TMJ

A

temporalis, masseter, digastric

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42
Q

Muscles that control side to side of TMJ

A

medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, masseter, temporalis

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43
Q

Muscles that control cervical flexion

A

SCM, longus colli, scalenes

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44
Q

Muscles that control cervical rotation and lateral bending

A

SCM, scalenes, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis, iliocstalis cervicis, levator scapulae, multifidus

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45
Q

Muscles that control cervical extension

A

splenius cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, multifidus, trapezius

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46
Q

Muscles that control thoracic and lumbar flexion

A

rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique

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47
Q

Muscles that control thoracic and lumbar extension

A

erector spinae, QL, multifidus

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48
Q

Muscles that control thoracic and lumbar rotation/lateral bending

A

psoas major, QL, external oblique, internal oblique, multifidus, longissimus thoraces, iliocostalis thoraces, rotatores

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49
Q

Muscles that control elevation of scapula

A

UT, levator

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50
Q

Muscles that control depression of scapula

A

Lats, pec major, pec minor, lower trap

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51
Q

Muscles that control protraction of scapula

A

serratus anterior, pec minor

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52
Q

Muscles that control retraction of scapula

A

trapezius, rhomboids

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53
Q

Muscles that control upward rotation of scapula

A

trapezius, serratus anterior

54
Q

Muscles that control downward rotation of scapula

A

rhomboids, levator scap, pec minor

55
Q

Muscles that control shoulder flexion

A

ant. delt, coracobrachialis, pec major, biceps brachii

56
Q

Muscles that control shoulder extension

A

lats, post. delt, teres major

57
Q

Muscles that control shoulder abduction

A

middle delt, supraspinatus

58
Q

Muscles that control shoulder adduction

A

pec major, lats, teres major

59
Q

Muscles that control shoulder lateral rotation (ER)

A

teres minor, infraspinatus, post delt

60
Q

Muscles that control shoulder medial rotation (IR)

A

subscapularis, trees major, pec major, lats, ant. delt

61
Q

Muscles that control elbow flexion

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

62
Q

Muscles that control elbow extension

A

triceps brachii, anconeus

63
Q

Muscles that control radioulnar supination

A

biceps brachii, supinator

64
Q

Muscles that control radioulnar pronation

A

pronator teres, pronator quadratus

65
Q

Muscles that control wrist flexion

A

flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus

66
Q

Muscles that control wrist extension

A

extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris

67
Q

Muscles that control radial deviation

A

extensor carpi radialis, flexor carpi radilais, entensor pollicis longus and brevis

68
Q

Muscles that control ulnar deviation

A

extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpis ulnaris

69
Q

Muscles that control hip flexion

A

iliopsoas, sartorius, rectus femoris, pectineus

70
Q

Muscles that control hip extension

A

gluteus maximus and medius, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris

71
Q

Muscles that control hip abduction

A

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, obturator internus

72
Q

Muscles that control hip adduction

A

adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis

73
Q

Muscles that control hip medial rotation (IR)

A

TFL, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, pectineus, adductor longus

74
Q

Muscles that control hip lateral rotation (ER)

A

gluteus maximus, obturator externus, obturator internus, piriformis, gemelli, sartorius

75
Q

Muscles that control knee flexion

A

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, sartorius

76
Q

Muscles that control knee extension

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

77
Q

Muscles that control ankle PF

A

tibilais posterior, gastroc, soleus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, plantaris flexor hallucis

78
Q

Muscles that control ankle DF

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius

79
Q

Muscles that control ankle inversion

A

tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, flexor digitorum longus

80
Q

Muscles that control ankle eversion

A

peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius

81
Q

glenohumeral joint articulations

A

formed by the convex head of the humerus and he concave glenoid fossa of the scapula; the joint is a ball and socket synovial joint with 3 degrees of freedom; the joint is inherently unstable

82
Q

osteokinematics of GH joint

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, IR, ER

83
Q

loose packed position of GH joint

A

55 degrees abduction, 30 degrees hz add

84
Q

close packed position of GH joint

A

abduction and lateral rotation

85
Q

capsular patter of GH joint

A

lateral rotation, abduction, medial rotation

86
Q

sternoclavicular articulations

A

formed by the medial end of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum; saddle-shaped synovial joint with 3 degrees of freedom; fibrocartilaginous disc between manubrium and clavicle enhances the stability of the joint; disc acts as a shock absorber and serves ad the axis for clavicular rotation

87
Q

SC joint osteokinematics

A

elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, medial rotation, lateral rotation

88
Q

loose packed position of SC joint

A

arm resting by the side

89
Q

close packed position of the SC joint

A

maximum shoulder elevation

90
Q

capsular pattern of SC joint

A

pain at extremes of ROM

91
Q

AC joint articulations

A

formed by the acromion of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle; plane synovial joint with 3 degrees of freedom; functions to maintain the relationship between the scapula and clavicle during GH ROM

92
Q

AC joint osteokinematics

A

anterior tilting, posterior tilting, upward rotation, downward rotation, protraction, retraction

93
Q

AC joint loose packed position

A

arm resting by the side

94
Q

AC joint close packed position

A

arm abducted to 90 degrees

95
Q

AC joint capsular pattern

A

pain at extremes of ROM

96
Q

scapulothoracic articulation

A

formed by the body of the scapula and the muscles covering the posterior chest wall; motion consists of sliding of the scapula on the thorax; this articulation is not a true anatomical joint b/c it lacks the necessary synovial joint characteristics

97
Q

glenoid labrum

A

fibrocartilaginous structure that serves to deepen the glenoid fossa and increased the size of the articular surface; consists of dense fibrous connective tissue that is often damaged with recurrent shoulder instability

98
Q

joint capsule of shoulder

A

arises from the glenoid fossa and the glenoid labrum to blend with the muscles of the RTC; volume of the joint capsule is 2x large the size of the humeral head; capsule is reinforced by the GH ligaments and the coracohumeral ligament

99
Q

subacromial bursa

A

extends over the supraspinatus tendon and distal muscle belly, beneath the acromion and deltoid muscle; facilitates movement of the deltoid muscle over the fibrous capsule of the shoulder joint and supraspinatus tendon; often involved with impingement beneath acromial arch

100
Q

subscapular bursa

A

overlies the anterior joint capsule and lies beneath the subscapularis muscle; anterior shoulder fullness may indicate articular effusion secondary to distention of the bursa

101
Q

radiohumeral joint articulations

A

proximal joint surface is the ball-shaped capitulum of the distal humerus; distal joint surface is the concave head of the radius

102
Q

osteokinematics of rediohumeral joint

A

flexion, extension, pronation, supination

103
Q

loose packed position of radiohumeral joint

A

full extension, supination

104
Q

close packed position of radiohumeral joint

A

90 degrees flexion, 5 degrees supination

105
Q

capsular pattern of radiohumeral joint

A

flexion, extension, supination, pronation

106
Q

ulnohumeral joint articulations

A

formed by the hourglass-shaped trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna

107
Q

osteokinematics of ulnohumeral joint

A

flexion, extension

108
Q

loose packed position of ulnohumeral joint

A

70 degrees of elbow flexion, 10 degrees supination

109
Q

close packed position of ulnohumeral joint

A

extension

110
Q

capsular pattern of ulnohumeral joint

A

flexion, extension

111
Q

proximal radioulnar joint articulation

A

concave radial notch of the ulna and the convex rim of the radial head

112
Q

osteokinematics of proximal radioulnar joint

A

pronation, supination

113
Q

loose packed position of proximal radioulnar joint

A

70 degrees elbow flexion, 35 degrees supination

114
Q

close packed position of the proximal radioulnar joint

A

5 degrees supination

115
Q

capsular pattern of proximal radioulnar joint

A

supination, pronation

116
Q

radial collateral ligament (i.e. LCL) of the elbow

A

extends from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the lateral border and olecranon process of the ulna and to the annular ligament; its fan-shaped ligament that prevents adduction of the elbow joint and provides reinforcement for the radiohumeral articulation

117
Q

ulnar collateral ligament (UCL/MCL)

A

runs from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the proximal portion of the ulna; prevents excessive abduction of the elbow joint

118
Q

annular ligament

A

consists of a band of fibers that surrounds the head of the radius; allows the head of the radius to rotate and retain contact with the radial notch of the ulna

119
Q

anterior ligament

A

capsular in nature and function; stretches from radial collateral ligament and attaches above the upper edge of the coronoid fossa, extending to just below the coronoid process

120
Q

posterior ligament

A

resembles the anterior ligament; blends on each side with the collateral ligaments and is attached to the upper portion of the olecranon fossa, and to just below the olecranon process

121
Q

radiocarpal joint articulations

A

the proximal joint surfaces is formed by the distal radius and the radioulnar articular disc, which connects the medial aspect of the distal radius to the distal ulna; the distal joint surface is formed by the scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum; the joint has 2 degrees of freedom; encased in a strong capsule reinforced by numerous ligaments shared with the mid carpal joint

122
Q

osteokinematics of radio carpal joint

A

flexion, extension, radial deviation, ulnar deviation

123
Q

loose packed position of radio carpal joint

A

neutral with slight ulnar deviation

124
Q

close packed position of radio carpal joint

A

extension with radial deviation

125
Q

capsular pattern of radio carpal joint

A

flexion and extension equally limited

126
Q

midcarpal joint articulations

A

motion of the wrist results in complex motion between proximal and distal row of carpals with the exception of the pisiform; joint surfaces are reciprocally convex and concave

127
Q

dorsal radiocarpal ligament

A

only major ligament on the dorsal surface of the wrist; originates on the posterior surfaces of the distal radius and styloid process of the radius and attaches to the lunate and triquetrum; serves to limit wrist flexion

128
Q

palmar radiocarpal ligament

A

maintains the alignment of the associated joint structures and limits hyperextension of the wrist; originates from the anterior surface of the distal radius and attaches to the capitate, triquetrum, and scaphoid

129
Q

radial collateral ligament of the wrist

A

serves to limit ulnar deviation and becomes taut when the wrist is in extremes of extension and flexion; originates from the styloid process of the radius and inserts on the scaphoid and trapezium

130
Q

carpal tunnel

A

located close to the deep surfaces of the flexor retinaculum; median nerve enters the palm through the tunnel; any condition that significantly reduces the size of the tunnel (tenosynovitis, inflammation of the flexor retinaculum, etc) may result in compression of the median nerve

131
Q

interosseous membrane of the forearm

A

consists of a dense band of fibrous connective tissue that runs obliquely from the radius to the ulna; structure spans from the proximal radioulnar joint to the distal radioulnar joint and serves as a stabilizer against axial forces applied to the wrist

PT Board Exam (2 decks)

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