Neuromuscular Flashcards
1
Q
Thrombus
A
Atherosclerotic plaque build up in artery causing occlusion
2
Q
Embolus
A
Tissue (typically atherosclerotic plaque) travels through bloodstream until it reaches a vessel it cannot pass through, causing occlusion
3
Q
L hemisphere CVA symptoms
A
R sided weakness
Frustration
Decreased processing
Aphasia
Dysphagia
Motor apraxia
Decreased R/L discrimination
R hemianopsia
4
Q
R hemisphere CVA Symptoms
A
L sided weakness
Decreased attention span
L hemianopsia
Decreased awareness and judgment
Memory deficits
L inattention
Decreased abstract reasoning
Emotional lability
Impulsivity
Decreased spatial orientation
5
Q
Brainstem CVA Symptoms
A
Unstable vitals
Decreased consciousness
Decreased ability to swallow
Bilateral weakness/paralysis
6
Q
Cerebellum CVA Symptoms
A
Decreased balance
Ataxia
Decreased coordination
Nausea
Nystagmus
Decreased ability to perform postural adjustment
7
Q
Flexor synergy pattern (UE)
A
Scapular elevation + retraction
GH abduction + ER
Elbow flexion
Wrist flexion
Forearm supination
Finger flexion and adduction
Thumb flexion and adduction
8
Q
Extensor synergy pattern (UE)
A
Scapular depression + protraction
GH adduction + IR
Elbow extension
Wrist extension
Forearm pronation
Finger flexion and adduction
Thumb flexion and adduction
9
Q
Flexor synergy pattern (LE)
A
Hip abduction + ER
Knee flexion
Ankle DF + supination
Toe extension
10
Q
Extensor synergy pattern (LE)
A
Hip extension, adduction, IR
Knee extension
Ankle PF + pronation
Toe flexion + adduction
11
Q
Motor control
A
Ability to regulate and direct movement
12
Q
Motor learning
A
Acquisition or modification of movement
13
Q
Motor learning principles
A
Learning vs performance
Use of feedback
Impact of practice on skill
Transfer of learning across tasks and environments
14
Q
Adam’s closed loop theory of motor learning
A
Use of sensory feedback (compare current movement with stored information) and practice
15
Q
Schmidt’s schema theory of motor learning
A
High emphasis on the value of feedback and variation with practice, open loop
16
Q
Three stage model: cognitive phase
A
Controlled environment preferred
High rate of errors
Inconsistent attempts and performance
Increased cognitive work (listening, observing and processing feedback)
17
Q
Three stage model: associative phase
A
Controlled or open environment okay
Decreased errors
More independently able to distinguish correct vs incorrect performance
Should avoid excessive external feedback (use of internal/proprioceptive feedback)
Decreased need for concentration and cognition
Skill refinement
Improved coordination
18
Q
Three stage model: autonomous phase
A
Improved efficiency
Variable environment
Automatic response, non-cognitive
Error-free regardless of environment or distractions
Can perform more than one task simultaneously
Intrinsic feedback > extrinsic (should not be used)
19
Q
Intrinsic feedback
A
Feedback received through sensory systems as a result of movement
20
Q
Extrinsic feedback
A
Feedback provided during or after a movement, typically verbal or manual/tactile
21
Q
Knowledge of results
A
Extrinsic, terminal feedback, regarding the outcome in relation to the goal
22
Q
Knowledge of performance
A
Extrinsic, relating to the actual movement pattern
23
Q
Massed practice
A
Practice time > rest time
24
Q
Distributed practice
A
Practice time < (or equal to) rest time
25
Constant practice
Uniform practice conditions
26
Variable practice
Differing practice conditions
27
Random practice
Varying practice amongst different tasks
28
Blocked practice
Consistent practice of single task
29
Whole training
Practicing entire task
30
Part training
Practicing individual component of task
31
Closed system model
Transfer of information that incorporates multiple feedback loops and larger distribution of control. Nervous system is an active participant
32
Compensation
Ability to utilize alternate strategies due to impairment that limits normal completion of task
33
Habituation
Decreased response due to consistent exposure to stimuli
34
Learning (non-associative)
Single repeated stimulus (habituation, desensitization)
35
Learning (associative)
Gaining understanding of the relationship between multiple stimuli (classic or operant conditioning)
36
Learning (procedural)
Learning of tasks that can be performed automatically without attention or concentration
37
Learning (declarative)
Learning of tasks that require attention, awareness, and reflection to attain knowledge
38
Open system model
Single transfer of information within any feedback loop, nervous system in "awaiting stimuli" to react
39
Sensitization
An increase in response that will occur as a result of a noxious stimulus
40
Closed motor skill
Skill performed under a stable and unchanging environment
41
Open motor skill
Skill performed under a consistently changing environment
42
Carr and shepherd motor relearning approach
Emphasizes that the factors involved with learning are also involved with re-learning (setting goal, inhibition of unnecessary movement, adjusting to balance/gravity, proper alignment, internal and external practice, feedback, knowledge of results)
43
Bobath NDT
-Train postural control by decreasing BOS and increasing distance between COM and BOS
-Avoid compensation
-Include rotation in treatment
-Move in and out of midline to facilitate midline orientation/control
-Facilitate and inhibit tone
-Reflex inhibiting postures
-Proximal control
44
Brunnstrom 7 stages of recovery (hemiplegia)
1 - no volitional movement
2 - basic synergies, spasticity beginning to form
3 - synergies performed volitionally, increasing spasticity
4 - decrease in spasticity, movement patterns exist outside of synergies
5 - decrease in spasticity, independence from synergy patterns
6 - isolated joint movements performed with coordination
7 - normal motor function
45
Associated reaction definition
Involuntary and automatic movement of a body part as a result of an intentional active or resistive movement in another body part
46
Homolateral synkinesis definition
Flexion pattern of the involved upper extremity facilitates flexion of the involved lower extremity
47
Raimiste's Phenomenon
The involved LE will abduct/adduct with applied resistance to the uninvolved LE in the same direction
48
Souques' Phenomenon
Raising the involved UE above 100 deg with elbow extension will produce abduction and extension of the fingers
49
UE PNF: D1 Flexion
Scapular elevation, abduction, upward rotation
GH flexion, adduction, ER
Elbow flexion or extension
Radioulnar supination
Wrist flexion, radial deviation
Thumb adduction
50
UE PNF: D1 Extension
Scapular depression, adduction, downward rotation
GH extension, abduction, IR
Elbow flexion or extension
Radioulnar pronation
Wrist extension, ulnar deviation
Thumb abduction
51
UE PNF: D2 Flexion
Scapular elevation, adduction, upward rotation
GH flexion, abduction, ER
Elbow flexion or extension
Radioulnar supination
Wrist extension, radial deviation
Thumb extension
52
UE PNF: D2 Extension
Scapular depression, abduction, downward rotation
GH extension, adduction, IR
Elbow flexion or extension
Radioulnar pronation
Wrist flexion, ulnar deviation
Thumb opposition
53
LE PNF: D1 Flexion
Pelvic protraction
Hip flexion, adduction, ER
Knee flexion or extension
Ankle and toe DF, inversion
54
LE PNF: D1 Extension
Pelvic retraction
Hip extension, abduction, IR
Knee flexion or extension
Ankle and foot PF, eversion
55
LE PNF: D2 Flexion
Pelvic elevation
Hip flexion, abduction, IR
Knee flexion or extension
Ankle and foot DF, eversion
56
LE PNF: D2 Extension
Pelvic depression
Hip extension, adduction, ER
Knee flexion or extension
Ankle and foot PF, inversion
57
Agonist reversals
Targets: controlled mobility, skill
Isometric contraction, followed by alternating concentric and eccentric contractions with resistance
58
Alternating isometrics
Targets: stability (endurance and strength)
Isometric contractions performed alternating from one side of joint to the other (without rest)
59
Contract relax
Targets: mobility
End range of motion --> maximal isotonic contraction of antagonist muscle (5 s) while moving limb through ROM --> relax into range
60
Hold relax
Targets: mobility
End range of motion --> maximal isometric contraction of antagonist muscle (5 s) --> relax into range
61
Hold relax active movement
Targets: mobility (used to initiate movement in muscle testing 1/5 of less)
Muscle taken to shortened range --> contracted isometrically --> relaxed and taken to lengthened position + quick stretch --> isotonic contraction attempted to return limb to shortened position
62
Normal timing
Targets: skill (coordination)
Performed distal to proximal, proximal components are limited until distal components activate and initiate movement - promotes appropriate muscle contraction timing (distal -- proximal)
63
Repeated contractions
Targets: mobility
Used to initiate movement and sustain contraction through ROM
Provide quick stretch followed by isometric/tonic contractions through ROM
64
Resisted progression
Targets: skill (coordination)
Resistance applied during the gait cycle to enhance coordination, strength, endurance
65
Rhythmic initiation
Targets: mobility (initiating movement with hypertonia)
passive --> active assisted --> active --> slightly resisted
Slow and rhythmic through full ROM
66
Rhythmic stabilization
Targets: mobility, stability
Used as a progression from alternating isometrics
Isometric contractions of all muscles around a joint against progressive resistence
67
Rhythmical rotation
Target: mobility (decrease hypertonia)
Passively rotating an extremity around longitudinal axis
68
Slow reversal
Target: stability, controlled mobility, skill (movement control and posture)
Slow resisted concentric contractions of agonists and antagonists without rest
69
Slow reversal hold
Target: stability, controlled mobility, skill
Slow reversal with the addition of isometric contraction at the end of each movement
70
NM Junction injury signs
Sensory intact, motor fatigue, normal DTR (Myesthenia gravia)
71
Chorea
Sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk, face
72
Asthenia
Weakness due to cerebellar pathology
73
Dysmetria
Inability to control the range of a movement or force of muscle activity
74
Evoke potentials purpose
Non-invasive, used to rule out MS, brain tumor, acoustic neuroma
75
Myelography purpose
Invasive, used to rule out abnormalities in subarachnoid space, spinal n injury, herniated disc, fracture, back/hip pathology, spinal tumors
76
ALS UMN signs
Incoordination
Spasticity
+ babinski
Clonus
Fatigue
Oral motor impairment
Motor paralysis
Respiratory paralysis
77
ALS LMN signs
Asymmetric muscle weakness
Fasciculations
Cramping
Hand atrophy
Distal > proximal weakness
78
Friedrich's ataxia signs
Gait unsteadiness
UE ataxia
Dysarthria
Paresis
Tremors
Impaired reflexes, vibration and position sense
Caused by impaired mitochondria function (autosomal recessive)
79
Huntington's disease signs
Involuntary choric movement
Mild personality alteration
Tongue protrusion
Grimacing
Ataxia
80
Multiple sclerosis signs
Visual impairment
Paresthesias/sensory changes
Clumsiness
Weakness
Ataxia
Balance dysfunction
Fatigue
Periods of exaceration and remission
81
Myasthenia gravis signs
Extreme fatiguability
Muscle weakness
Ocular muscles impacted first
Dysphagia
CN weakness
82
Parkinson's disease signs
Resting tremor
Impaired balance
Bed mobility
Fine motor tasks
83
PD progression
Hypokinesia
Akinesia
Rigidity
Freezing
Mask like appearance
Festinating and shuffling gait
Bradykinesia
Poor posture
Dysphagia
84
Post-polio syndrome signs
Slow and progressive weakness
Fatigue
Atrophy
Pain
Swallowing issues
85
Anti-spasticity drug names
Baclofen
Valium (diazepam)
86
Cholinergic drug indications
Glaucoma
Dementia
Myesthenia gravis
87
Cholinergic drug names
Duroid
Pilocar
Aricept
Tensilon
88
Dopamine replacement drug names
Levodopa
Amantadine
89
Muscle relaxant drug names
Valium (diazepam)
Flexeril
Paraflex
90
Anti-epileptic drug side effects
Ataxia
Skin changes
HA
Weight gain
Behavior changes
GI
Blurred vision
91
Anti-spasticity drug side effects
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Confusion
Weakness
HA
92
Dopamine replacement drug side effects
Arrhythmias
GI
Orthostatic hypotension
Mood
Dyskinesia
Tolerance
93
Muscle relaxant drug side effects
Sedation
Drowsiness
Dizziness
N/V
HA
Tolerance
Dependence
94
Allodynia
Pain due to non-pain provoking stimulus
95
Causalgia
Persistent, severe, burning pain due to peripheral n injury
96
Paresthesia
Abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause
97
Peripheral n injury
Sensory loss, motor weakness, atrophy in nerve distribution
Fasciculations
Ex. trauma
98
Peripheral neuropathy injury
Stocking glove sensory impairments
Distal > proximal weakness
Fasciculations
Decreased DTRs
Ex. DB
99
Spinal root n injury
Dermatomal sensory loss and motor weakness
Fasciculations
Decreased DTRs
Ex. herniated disc
100
Athetosis
Slow, writhing, involuntary movements
101
Dystonia
Abnormal muscle tone causing twisting, abnormal posture and repetitive movements
Ex. PD, CP, encephalitis
102
Akinesia
Inability to initiate movement
103
Ataxia
Lack of muscle coordination
104
Dysdiadochokinesia
Inability to perform rapid alternating movements
105
Clasp knife response
Tone with greatest resistance at beginning of ROM
106
Cerebral angiography purpose
Invasive, used to diagnose CVA, brain tumor, aneurysm, vascular malformation
107
CT scan purpose
Non-invasive, used to rule out vascular malformation, tumor, cyst, herniated disc, hemorrhage, epilepsy, encephalitis, spinal stenosis, intracranial bleeding, head injury
108
Discography purpose
Invasive, CT scan + contract, used to assess integrity and pathology of spinal disc
109
EMG purpose
Invasive, used to rule out muscle pathology, nerve pathology, spinal cord disease, denervated muscle, LMN injury
110
MRI purpose
Non-invasive, used to rule out MS, brain tumor, head trauma
111
PET scan purpose
Non-invasive, used to rule out cerebral circulatory pathology, metabolism dysfunction, tumor, blood flow, brain changes
112
Spinal puncture purpose
Invasive, used to rule out hemorrhage, inflammation, infection, meningitis, tumor
113
Alzheimers signs
Changes in higher cortical functions (learning, memory, concentration)
Loss of orientation
Word finding difficulty
Depression
Poor judgement
Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Shuffling gait
114
Bell's palsy signs
Asymmetrical facial appearance, full 1/2 face
115
Carpal tunnel syndrome signs
Sensory and motor changes to median n distribution
Radiating pain
Night pain
Hand weakness
Decreased grip strength
Clumsiness
Decreased wrist mobility
116
Spinocerebellar ataxia signs
Neuropathy
Ataxia
Restless leg syndrome
Autosomal dominant
117
Acquired ataxias cause
Toxin exposure (alcohol, carbon monoxide, etc)
Idiopathic (hypothydroidism)
118
Epilepsy signs
Loss of awareness
Loss of consciousness
Movement disturbances
Sensation
Mood
Mental function
119
Myoclonic seizures
Muscle contractions involving one or multiple body parts
120
Atonic seizures
Loss of tone, LOC, drop attack
121
Bilateral convulsive seizure (tonic and clonic)
Sudden LOC
Rigidity - tonic
Jerking - clonic
122
Absence seizure
Sudden cessation of ongoing conscious activity (ie petit mal seizure)
123
Guillain barre syndrome signs
Motor weakness (distal to proximal)
Sensory impairment
Respiratory paralysis
Peak disability @ 2-4 wk
Decreased DTRs
124
Anti-epileptic drug names
Clonazepam
Gabapentin
Carbamezepine
125
Cholinergic drug side effects
GI
Bradycardia
Bronchoconstriction
Parasympathetic response
126
Dorsal column (fasiculis gracilis) function
LE proprioception
Vibration
Two point discrimination
127
Dorsal column (fasiculis cuneatus) function
UE proprioception
Vibration
Two point discrimination
128
Anterior spinothalamic tract function
Crude touch
Deep pressure
129
Lateral spinothalamic tract function
Pain
Temperature
130
Anterior corticospinal tract function
Ipsilateral voluntary, discrete movement
131
Lateral corticospinal tract function
Contralateral voluntary, fine movement
132
Analgesia
Inability to feel pain
133
Anesthesia
Loss of sensation
134
Dysesthesia
Distortion of any sense (specifically touch)
135
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to stimulation
136
Hyperpathia
Extreme exaggerated response to pain
137
Hypesthesia
Decreased sensitivity to touch
138
Neuralgia
Nerve pain
139
Pallanesthesia
Loss of vibration sensation
140
Anterior horn cell injury
Sensory intact
Motor weakness
Normal or decreased DTRs
Ex. polio, ALS
141
Muscle injury
Sensory intact
Motor weakness
Normal or decreased DTRs
Ex. muscular dystrophy
142
Nerve conduction velocity purpose
Non-invasive, used to rule out peripheral neuropathy, carpal tunnel, demyelination injury, peripheral n compression
143
Rood theory to neuromuscular treatment
Motor output is the result of past and present sensory input
Goal: obtain homeostasis by using key patterns to enhance motor control
Sensory stimulation is used to facilitate or inhibit a response
144
Sensory facilitation techniques
Approximation
Joint compression
Icing
Light touch
Quick stretch
Resistance
Tapping
Traction
145
Sensory inhibition techniques
Deep pressure
Prolonged stretch
Warmth
Prolonged cold
146
Agnosia
Inability to interpret information
147
Agraphesthesia
Inability to recognize symbols, letters, or numbers traced on the skin
148
Agraphia
Inability to write due to lesion
149
Alexia
Inability to read or comprehend written language due to lesion
150
Anosognosia
Denial or unawareness of one's illness
151
Apraxia
Inability to perform purposeful learned movements (with no impairment that would hinder)
152
Astereognosis
Inability to recognize objects by touch
153
Constructional apraxia
Inability to reproduce geometric figures and designs. Unable to visually analyze how to perform a task.
154
Decerebrate rigidity
Characteristic of corticospinal lesion at the level of the brainstem
Extension of trunk and all extremities
155
Decorticate rigidity
Characteristic of corticospinal lesion at the level of the diencephalone
Trunk and LE in extension, UE in flexion
156
Dysprosody
Impairment in rhythm and inflection of speech
157
Ideational apraxia
Inability to formulate an initial motor plan and sequence tasks where the proprioceptive input necessary for movement is impaired
158
Ideomotor apraxia
Able to plan a movement but cannot volitionally perform it
159
Neologism
Substitution within a word that is so severe that it makes the word unrecognizable
160
Anterior cord syndrome impairments and MOI
MOI flexion
Loss of motor, pain, temperature (CST and STT)
161
Brown sequard syndrome impairments and MOI
MOI stab
Loss of ipsilateral motor, vibration, proprioception (DCML and CST)
Loss of contralateral pain and temperature (STT)
162
Cauda equina syndrome impairments
Lesion below L1, peripheral n injury
Flaccidity, areflexia, bowel and bladder dysfunction
163
Central cord syndrome impairments and MOI
MOI hyperextension
STT, DCML, CST
UE > LE injury
Motor > sensory impairments
164
Posterior cord syndrome impairments and MOI
MOI (rare) posterior spinal a compression
Loss of proprioception, two point discrimination, stereogensis
Motor preserved
165
ASIA A
Complete: no sensory or motor function in S4-5
166
ASIA B
Sensory incomplete
Sensory preserved below the level of lesion, including S4-5.
No motor function in more than 3 levels below motor level
167
ASIA C
Motor incomplete
Motor function preserved for voluntary anal contraction OR sensory incomplete + motor function of more than 3 levels below motor level
Less than half of the muscle below injury have a grade of > 3
168
ASIA D
Motor incomplete
At least half of muscles below injury have a grade > 3
169
ASIA E
Normal function
170
ASIA Key muscles
C5 elbow flexors
C6 wrist extensors
C7 elbow extensors
C8 finger flexors
T1 small finger abductors
L2 hip flexors
L3 knee extensors
L4 ankle DFs
L5 great toe extensors
S1 ankle PFs
171
DVT symptoms
LE swelling
Pain
Sensitivity over clot
Warmth
172
Autonomic dysreflexia
Can occur with any lesion above T6
Symptoms: high BP
Severe HA
Blurred vision
Stuff nose
Profuse sweating
Goose bumps
Flushing
173
Heterotopic Ossification symptoms
Edema
Decreased ROM
Increased temperature of involved joint
174
Myelotomy
Surgical procedure that severs certain tracts in spinal cord to decrease spasticity and improve function
175
Neurectomy
Surgical removal of a segment of a nerve to decrease spasticity and improve function
176
Neurogenic non-reflexive bladder
Flaccid bladder (underactive muscles), injuries below T12
177
Neurogenic reflexive bladder
Reflexive bladder, empties reflexively, injury above T12
178
Paradoxical breathing
Abnormal breathing where abdomen rises and chest is pulled inward during inspiration, upon expiration the abdomen falls and chest expands (common in tetraplegia)
179
Rhizotomy
Surgical resection of sensory component of spinal n to decrease spasticity and improve function
180
Tenotomy
Surgical release of a tendon in order to decrease spasticity and improve function
181
Coup lesion (TBI)
A direct lesion of the brain under the point of impact. Local brain damage sustained
Primary injury
182
Contrecoup lesion (TBI)
An injury that results on the opposite side of the brain, due to rebound effect of brain after impact
Primary injury
183
Epidural hematoma (TBI)
Hemorrhage that forms between skull and dura mater
Secondary injury
184
Subdural hematoma (TBI)
Hemorrhage that forms between dura mater and arachnoid mater (due to venous rupture)
Secondary injury
185
Secondary injury types (TBI)
Hematoma
Hypoxia
Ischemia
Increased ICP
Post traumatic epilepsy
186
Primary injury types (TBI)
Skull penetration
Skull fracture
Contusions
187
Coma
Unconscious and unresponsible to external and internal stimuli
188
Stupor
State of general unresponsiveness with arousal from repeated stimuli
189
Obtundity
State of sleep, reduced alertness, delayed responses to stimuli
190
Grade 1 concussion
Head injury without LOC
Transient confusion, resolves in less than 15 min
Removed from game and return after 1 week of no symptoms
191
Grade 2 concussion
Moderate head injury
Transient confusion for > 15 min
Poor concentration, retrograde/anterograde amnesia
Removed from game and medical eval
Return to play after 2 weeks of no symptoms
192
Grade 3 concussion
Head injury with LOC
Transport to ER for full neuro evaluation
Minimum of 1 month symptom free for return to play
193
Rancho level I
No response
Deep sleep, completely unresponsive
194
Rancho level II
Generalized response
Inconsistent, non-purposeful, non-specific response to stimuli
Responses include physiological changes, gross body movements, vocalization
195
Rancho level III
Localized response
Inconsistent, specific response to stimuli
May follow simple commands (EC, hand squeeze) inconsistently
196
Rancho level IV
Confused agitated
Heightened state of activity
Bizarre, non-purposeful activity
Unable to cooperate with treatment efforts
Frequent incoherent, inappropriate verbalization
Brief attention to environment
Lacks short and long term recall
197
Rancho level V
Confused in-appropriate
Responds to simple commands fairly consistently
Gross attention to the environment, but is highly distractible and cannot focus on task
Inappropriate vocalization
Severely impaired memory
May perform learned tasks with structure, unable to learn new tasks
198
Rancho level VI
Confused appropriate
Goal-directed behavior, dependent on external input/direction
Follows simple directions consistently, shows carryover
May respond incorrectly due to memory difficulty
More depth and detail to past memory than present
199
Rancho level VII
Automatic appropriate
Appropriate and oriented to hospital and home setting
Goes through daily routine automatically
Carryover in new learning
Able to initiate social or recreational activities with structure
200
Rancho level VIII
Purposeful appropriate
Able to recall and integrate past and present events and is aware of and responsive to environmental stimuli
Shows carryover in new learning and no longer needs supervision
201
Glasgow coma scale
< 8 severe brain injury
9-12 moderate brain injury
13-15 mild brain injury
Assesses: eye opening, motor response, verbal response
202
Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic division function
Stimulating response
'fight or flight'
Involved with norepinephrine
203
Somatic nervous system function
Regulates body movement through sensory and motor neurons that transmit information from the brain to muscle fibers throughout the body.
Controls: voluntary movement, 5 senses, reflex arcs (DTRs)
204
Autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic division function
Conserving and restoring
'rest and digest'
Involved with acetylcholine
205
Limbic system function
Mood
Emotion
Recent memory
Olfaction
Appetite
Drastic behavior change with lesion
206
Frontal lobe functions
Personality
Voluntary movement
Orientation
Executive function
Brocas area (L)
207
Parietal lobe functions
Sensation, kinesthesia, vibration, temperature
Memory
Language interpretation
Receives sensory info (hearing, vision, etc)
Spatial perception
208
Temporal lobe functions
Auditory
Olfactory
Wernickes area (L)
Interpretations of emotions and reactions
209
Occipital lobe functions
Visual processing
Distance perception
Color, light, shape
210
Hippocampus
L temporal lobe
Forms and stores declarative memories
211
Basal ganglia
Responsible for voluntary movement, regulation of autonomic movement, posture, tone, control of motor responses
Impairments may cause: PD, HD, ADHD, Tourette's OCD
212
Amygdala
Located in bilateral temporal lobes
Emotion and social processing
Fear, pleasure, arousal
Memory processing
213
Thalamus
Relay/processing for info in cerebral cortex. Receives information from cerebellum, basal ganglia and sensory pathways and transmits to cerebrum
Impairment may cause thalamic pain syndrome
214
Hypothalamus
Receives and integrate info from the ANS, regulates hormones, controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, sleep, body temp, glands
215
Subthalamus
Regulates skeletal muscle movement
216
Epithalamus
Pineal gland (secretes melatonin and controls circadian rhythm)
217
Midbrain function
Relay center
Reflex center
218
Cerebellum function
Movement fine tuning, posture, tone, rapid alternating movements, location of extremities in space
219
Pons function
Part of hindbrain and brainstem
RR regulation, head orientation in regard to visual/auditory stimuli
220
Medulla function
Part of hindbrain
ANS activity, HR/RR regulation
Vomiting, coughing, sneezing
Relays somatic sensory info
221
Brainstem
Made up of midbrain, pons, medulla
Relays info from body to cerebral cortex
Primitive functions
Reticular activating system
222
ACA blood supply
Anterior frontal lobe, medial frontal and parietal lobes
223
MCA blood supply
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, outer surfaces of temporal lobe
224
PCA blood supply
Medial and inferior temporal lobes, medial occipital lobe, thalamus, hypothalamus, visual receptive area
225
Vertebrobasilar a. blood supply
Cerebellum, medulla, pons, midbrain, occipital cortex, brainstem
226
ACA lesion impairments
Personality
Hemiparesis/plegia
Neglect
Aphasia
Perseveration
227
MCA lesion impairments
Aphasia (communication & language interpretation)
Spatial relations
Cognition
Sensation
Voluntary movement (face and arm > leg)
228
PCA lesion impairments
Contralateral hemiplegia (face and arm > leg)
Ataxia/tremor
Homonymous hemianopsia
Blindness
Receptive aphasia
Memory deficits
229
Vertebral basilar a lesion impairments
Unilateral or bilateral extremity weakness
Loss of vibration sense, two point discrimination, and proprioception
Diplopia
Homonymous hemianopsia
Dysphagia
Dysarthria
Nausea
Confusion
230
L hemisphere function
Ability to understand language
Producing written and spoken language
Expression of positive emotions
Ability to be analytical, controlled, logical
Math
231
R hemisphere function
Nonverbal processing
Artistic expression
Spatial relationships
Kinesthetic awareness
Body image awareness
232
