MSK Flashcards by Lauren Dimatteo

Frontal plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior
A/P axis
Abduction, adduction

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Sagittal plane

Divides body into R and L
Medial-lateral axis
Flexion, extension

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Transverse plane

Divides body into upper and lower
Vertical axis
Medial and lateral rotation

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Class 1 lever

Fulcrum is between the point of effort and resistance (seesaw, triceps)

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Class 2 lever

Resistance is between the effort and the fulcrum (wheelbarrow)

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Class 3 lever

Effort is between the axis of rotation and the resistance (most common in the body, elbow flexion)

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Fibrous joint

Bones that are united by fibrous tissue, nonsynovial
Minimal to no movement

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Types of fibrous joints

Suture - union of two bones by ligament or membrane, immovable (sagittal suture of skull)
Syndesmosis - bone connected to bone by a dense fibrous membrane, very little movement (tibia + fibula)
Gomphosis - two bony surfaces connect as a peg in a hole (tooth in socket)

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Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)

Bones that are connected by cartilage, slightly moveable

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Types of cartilaginous joints

Synchondrosis - connected by hyaline cartilage, slight motion (sternum, true rib articulation)
Symphysis - two bones covered in hyaline cartilage or connected by fibrocartilage, midline of body, slight motion (pubic symphysis)

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Synovial joints (diarthroses)

Free movement between the bones they join
Characteristics include: joint cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, fibrous capsule

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Uniaxial joint

Type of Synovial joint
Allow for one motion around a single axis in one plane of the body
Types: hinge (ginglymus) – radioulnar, tibiofemoral
Pivot (trochoid) – atlantoaxial

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Biaxial joint

Type of Synovial joint
Allows for movement in two planes, around two axes through the convex/concave surfaces
Types: condyloid – MCP joint of finger
Saddle – carpometacarpal joint of thumb

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Multi-axial joint

Type of Synovial joint
Allows for movement in all three planes and around three axes
Types: plane (gliding) – carpal joints
Ball and socket – glenohumeral, hip

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Free nerve endings

Sensitive to non-noxious mechanical stress and noxious mechanical/biochemical stress

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Golgi ligament endings

Sensitive to tension or stretch to ligaments

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Golgi Mazzoni corpuscles

Sensitive to compression of joint capsule

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Pacinian corpuscles

Sensitive to high frequency vibration, acceleration, and high velocity changes in joint position

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Ruffini endings

Sensitive to stretching of joint capsule, amplitude and velocity of joint position

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Type I fiber characteristics

Low fatiguability
High capillary density
High myoglobin content
Small fibers
Extensive blood supply
Large amount of mitochondria

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Type II fiber characteristics

High fatiguability
Low capillary density
Low myoglobin content
Large fibers
Less blood supply
Fewer mitochondria

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Muscle spindle

Within belly of muscle
Respond to changes in muscle length and the rate of change in length
Helps with postural control and involuntary movements

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Golgi tendon organ

Within muscle tendons
Respond to tension and rate of tension change

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GH joint closed packed position

Abduction & ER

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GH capsular pattern

ER + Abduction + IR

SC joint closed packed position

Maximum shoulder elevation

SC joint open packed position

Arm resting by side

SC joint capsular pattern

Pain at extreme ROM

AC joint loose packed position

Arm resting by side

AC joint closed packed position

Arm abducted to 90 degrees

AC joint capsular pattern

Pain at extreme ROM

GH joint open packed position

55 degrees abduction, 30 degrees horizontal adduction

AC ligaments

Control horizontal movement of clavicle

Coracoacromial ligament

Coracoid process + acromion Forms a roof over humerus, prevents superior translation of humeral head and separation of AC joint

Coracohumeral ligament

Coracoid process + greater and lesser tuberosities Helps unite the supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons Limits inferior translation of the humeral head

Costoclavicular ligament

Medial clavicle + first rib Supports SC joint

GH ligaments

Superior: limits adduction, ER @ 0-45 deg of abd Middle: limits ER @ 45-90 deg of abd Inferior: limits ER and IR above 90 degrees of abd, limits inferior translation at above 90 deg abd

Transverse humeral ligament

Runs over bicipital groove Helps keep the tendon of long head of biceps in groove

Radiohumeral joint loose packed position

Full extension, supination

Radiohumeral joint close packed position

90 deg flexion, 5 deg supination

Radiohumeral joint capsular pattern

Flexion, extension, supination, pronation

Ulnohumeral joint loose packed position

70 deg flexion, 10 deg supination

Ulnohumeral joint close packed position

Extension

Ulnohumeral capsular pattern

Flexion, extension

Proximal radioulnar joint loose packed position

70 deg flexion, 35 deg supination

Proximal radioulnar joint close packed position

5 deg supination

Proximal radioulnar joint capsular pattern

Supination, pronation

Annular ligament

Surrounds radial head Prevents radial dislocation and allows radius to rotate

Cubital fossa

Triangular space bordered by the brachioradialis, pronator teres, brachialis, and a horizontal line passing through the humeral epicondyles Contains: biceps brachii tendon, median nerve, radial nerve, brachial artery, median cubital vein

What nerve runs through the cubital tunnel? What position is it most compressed?

Ulnar n in full elbow flexion

Radial collateral ligament (lateral collateral)

Prevents adduction of elbow joint and reinforces radiohumeral articulation

Ulnar collateral ligament (medial collateral)

Prevents abduction of elbow joint

Radiocarpal joint loose packed position

Neutral with slight ulnar deviation

Radiocarpal joint close packed position

Extension with radial deviation

Radiocarpal joint capsular pattern

Flexion and extension equally limited

Anatomic snuffbox

Bordered by abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus. Scaphoid lies within

Carpal tunnel

Deep surface of the flexor retinaculum Median n travels through

Dorsal radiocarpal ligament

Limits wrist flexion

Extensor retinaculum

Covers tendons of extensor musculature. Prevents bowstringing of tendons

Flexor retinaculum

Prevents the flexor tendons from bowstringing. Attachment point for thenar and hypothenar muscles

Interosseus membrane (radioulnar)

Runs between radius and ulna, serves as a stabilizer for axial loads applied to the wrist

Palmar radiocarpal ligament

Maintains joint alignment, limits wrist hyperextension Attaches to capitate, triquetrum, scaphoid

Radial collateral ligament (of wrist)

Limits ulnar deviation and extreme flexion/extension Attaches to scaphoid and trapezium

Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TCC)

Cartilaginous disc that sits between the ulna, lunate, and triquetrum. Provides stability, connecting the radius and ulna together and allowing for force distribution

Tunnel of Guyon

Between hook of hamate, pisiform, palmar carpal ligament, flexor retinaculum Ulnar n and a pass through