Neurology: pharmacology

Question 1

Trigeminal mediated headshaking: treatments

Answer 1

• Cyproheptadine: antihistamine and serotonin antagonist (blocks serotonin mediated pain), and calcium channel blocker: if the horse responds, they do within a week.
• Cyproheptadine associated with carbamezepine gets 80-100% improvement: sodium channel-blocking antiepileptic drug
• infraorbital neurectomy: not recommended because of neuroma formation, self trauma, low success rate (15%), and recurrence of pain.
• PENS: neuromodulation, 53% success rate
• nosenets: 70% improvement if cover nostrils and with elastic band applies pressure on upper lip)

Question 2

Seizures

Question 3

Treatment of incontinence

Answer 3

• alpha adrenergic blocker: phenoxybenzamine
• parasympathetic agonist: bethanechol chloride
• muscle relaxant + adrenergic blockers:
  Diazepam (obs can cause sedation)
  Dantrolene