Neurology Imaging

Question 1

Brain imaging

Answer 1

CT
MRI: T1, T2, FLAIR
Angiology

Question 2

Other Neurological complaint imaging

Answer 2

Fluoroscopy, Myelogrpahy, ultrasound

Question 3

CT

Answer 3

3D
Air DARK
CSF
Soft Tissue
Blood 
Bone WHITE

Patients left is labeled right

Question 4

CT advantage and disadvantage

Answer 4

Advantage: facial bone and skull fractures seen well
TRAUMA, brain bleeds
Fast
EX: Hemorrhagic stoke

Disadvantage: lower resolution on SOFT TISSUE/brain
Can’t see acute ischemic strokes

Question 5

Epidural Hematoma

Answer 5

Middle meninges artery ruptures ARTERY and fast
Common post traumatic
Seen as lemon or elliptical shape has dura pulls away from skull
Unconscious -> lucid interval with no neurological -> loss of mental status and neurological problems

Question 6

Subdural Hematoma

Answer 6

Common is elderly patient
Falls and hits head, venous blood and slow
Widely spread white space seen doesn’t pass flax cerebri
Banana or crescent shaped
Causes increased pressure causing brain herniation

Question 7

MRI Advantage and Disadvantages

Answer 7

Lines up protons of water and release energy

Advantage: SOFT TISSUE, high resolution, you can see gyri

Disadvantage: slower, claustrophobic, to Metal, not good for bone

Question 8

T1 Weighted MRI

Answer 8

White = white mater
Grey= Grey mater
[normal anatomy look]

SOFT TISSUE tumors
Easy to see BBB disruption blood shows up white-grey
CSF DARK, inflammation is DARK

Question 9

T2 MRI

Answer 9

White matter is Dark
Grey maker is white

Good to see any DEMYELINATION
CSF BRIGHT, Inflammation BRIGHT
Can’t see inflammation next to ventricle

Question 10

FLAIR MRI

Answer 10

Modified T2, that makes the CSF DARK and inflammation bright
Good for checking INFLAMMATION near ventricles

Question 11

CT VS MRI

Answer 11

CT: high trauma, brain bleed, serious stuff, of bone fractures

MRI: has already done CT, needs to be sent to neurosurgeon, tumor

Question 12

Using contrast

Answer 12

See if it goes into the Brian= BBB disrupted or damaged
Can cause damage to kidneys
View brain vasculature
ESP, stoke or TIA, aneurism,

Question 13

Functional MRI

Answer 13

Maps brain activity,
Due to blood flow, see which parts of brain is stimulated
Used for research and clinical use (map out region of seizure activity)

Question 14

Fluoroscopy Swallow Study

Answer 14

Patient swallows radio-opaque material to see if all the the pharyngeal and swallowing functions are intact
Usually patients with swallowing problems due to neurological weakness or after stroke.

Question 15

Myelography

Answer 15

Dye injected to dura and you can follow the CFS flow
Can see spinal stenosis, herniated disc, masses, spondylitis, arthritis
Uncommon

Question 16

Ultrasound

Answer 16

Bounces off transducer
SOFT TISSUE

Can see arterial flow to brain or any clots

Question 17

Ultrasound- guided Procedures

Answer 17

Can use US to guide needle in to nerves for steroids or anesthesia

Question 18

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Answer 18

Measure electrical signals in brain
Diagnose and measure seizure disorders
Observe changes in signal patterns

Loose consciousness and then there will be abnormal EEG waves

Question 19

EMG (Electromyogram)

Answer 19

Measure nerve [nerve conduction study]
and muscle conduction [needle electrode exam]
Where exactly is the nerve impingement happening

For nerve injury like parasthesia, carpal tunnel, radiculopathy

Question 20

Fluorescein Stain

Answer 20

Corneal Injury 
Apply to eye, shine blue lamp : 
cornea shines green if injured ABRASION
Cornea ulcer WHITE CLOUD SPOT
Corneal Herpes SNOWFLAKES 
Foreign bodies; dark spot with green around it